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Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control 7 (2020) 163-169 Journal website: http://www.jfqhc.com To cite: Mbiri P., Mushonga B., Madzinga C., Madzingira O., Samkange A., Hikufe E., Kandiwa E., Kamwi J.A. (2020). Causes, patterns, and economic implications of carcass condemnation of cattle slaughtered at Oshana region, North of Namibia based on post-mortem inspection. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control. 7: 163-169. DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.7.4.4843 Causes, Patterns, and Economic Implications of Carcass Condemnation of Cattle Slaughtered at Oshana Region, North of Namibia Based on Post-Mortem Inspection P. Mbiri 1, B. Mushonga 1, C. Madzinga 1, O. Madzingira 1*๏ช, A. Samkange 1, E. Hikufe 2, E. Kandiwa 1, J.A. Kamwi 2 1. School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Namibia 2. Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry, Namibia HIGHLIGHTS ๏ท Overall, 0.37% (120 out of 32 648) beef carcasses were condemned during the period of this study in Oshana, Namibia. ๏ท The major causes of condemnation of carcasses were bruising (60 out of 120; 50%), followed by pus contamination. ๏ท Bovine carcass condemnation rate in this region varied with the year, season, and age. ABSTRACT Background: Meat inspection is one of the essential tools for ensuring good quality and safe meat. The objective of this study was to evaluate carcass condemnation of cattle slaughtered in Oshana region, North of Namibia. Methods: In this 4-year retrospective study, causes, patterns, and economic implications of carcass condemnation of cattle slaughtered in Oshana region, North of Namibia were evaluated based on post-mortem inspection procedure. The SPSS software version 25 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Overall, 0.37% (120 out of 32 648) beef carcasses were condemned during the period of this study. The major causes of condemnation of carcasses were bruising (60 out of 120; 50%), followed by pus contamination. The condemnation rate in female cattle (65%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than male cattle (35%). Overall, a significantly greater number (p<0.05) of carcasses were condemned in summer (74.2%) than in winter (25.8%). Conclusion: This study identified bruising, pus contamination, and cachexia as the major causes of bovine carcass condemnation in North of Namibia and showed that carcass condemnation rate varied with the year, season, and age. ยฉ 2020, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Introduction๏ Namibia has a largely agricultural economy that con-tributes about 3.9% to gross domestic product (Mbiri et al., 2020; MEATCO, 2019; Shiimi et al., 2012). Within the agricultural sector, livestock production plays a cen-tral role, accounting for over 76% (70% commercial and * Corresponding author (O. Madzingira) ๏ช E-mail: omuzembe@gmail.com ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1145-9880 6% communal) of the output (Kruger and Lammerts-Imbuwa, 2008; Togarepi et al., 2016). Cattle production is by far the most dominant activity in the livestock production sub-sector in Namibia (Kandiwa et al., 2017; Madzingira et al., 2018). Abattoirs located in NorthernArticle type Original article Keywords Cattle Abattoirs Food Inspection Animal Diseases Public Health Namibia Article history Received: 5 Mar 2020 Revised: 9 Aug 2020 Accepted: 18 Aug 2020 Downloaded from jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir at 15:00 IRST on Tuesday January 19th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.7.4.4843 ]
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Mbiri et al.: Carcass Condemnation of Slaughtered Cattle in Namibia Journal website: http://www.jfqhc.com 164 Communal Areas of Namibia supply the local formal and informal markets (Shiimi et al., 2012), although they previously exported beef under a commodity-based risk mitigation arrangement. Records of ante and post-mortem inspection of cattle provide useful epidemiological data for the evaluation of animal and zoonotic diseases in populations of origin and for environmental monitoring (Akkina and Estberg, 2019; Haredasht et al., 2018; Jaja et al., 2017a). Previous studies from different continents and sub regions analyzed the prevalence, nature (total or partial), reasons, causes, patterns (annual, monthly and seasonal), and economic impact of carcass condemnation (Folitse et al., 2017; Shaibu et al., 2017). The prevalence rates for partial and total condemnation of carcasses in literature vary from 0% (Garcia et al., 2008) to over 50% (Huertas et al., 2015). The rate of condemnation varies by geographical location, age, and sex of animals (Dupuy et al., 2014; Vial et al., 2015), production system (pasture or range beef, feedlot, dairy; Akkina and Estberg, 2019), season (Haredasht et al., 2018), month of study (Mohammed et al., 2018; Noronha et al., 2019), level of animal healthcare, marketing, transport, and slaughter conditions (Ferreira et al., 2020; Garcia et al., 2008; Huertas et al., 2015; Vimiso and Muchenje, 2013). Bovine carcass condemnation may be due to infectious or non-infectious causes (Garcia et al., 2008; Hoffman and Lรผhl, 2012; Junqueira Junior et al., 2020; Noronha et al., 2019). Some main infectious conditions include abscesses (Dupuy et al., 2014; Jaja et al., 2017b), pneumonia, mastitis, septicemia, and peritonitis (Akkina and Estberg, 2019; Webb et al., 2020); and specific conditions such as bovine tuberculosis (Junqueira Junior et al., 2020; Noronha et al., 2019; Shaibu et al., 2017), cysticercus cysts (Nzeyimana et al., 2015), lumpy skin disease, and parafilariasis (Tlhapi, 2013). Major non-infectious causes of condemnation include bruising (Cruz-Monterrosa et al., 2017; Ferreira et al., 2020), emaciation (Garcia et al., 2008; Moje et al., 2014), poor bleeding (Mummed and Webb, 2015), jaundice or icterus (Yibar et al., 2015), branding injuries (Garcรญa et al., 2008; Hoffman and Lรผhl, 2012), neoplasia (Haredasht et al., 2018), and adhesions (Kelo and Alemu, 2018). At present, there is little information on the causes, patterns, and economic implications of carcass condem-nation at high throughput abattoirs sourcing cattle primarily from communally managed herds in Northern Communal Areas of Namibia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the causes, patterns, and economic implications of carcass condemnation of cattle slaughtered in Oshana region, North of Namibia based on post-mortem inspection procedure. Materials and methods Study area The study was carried out at an abattoir located in the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia, Oshana Region (17o47โ1โS, 15o41โ57.8โE). The Northern parts of the country comprise of communal farmers (Togarepi et al., 2016) that are separated from the south and central commercial farming areas by a veterinary cordon fence (Schneider, 2012). The study area is semi-arid with extremely variable and unreliable precipitation averaging 200 to 500 mm annually (Shikongo-Kuvare, 2007). Winter in Namibia begins in May and ends in October, while summer begins November and ends in April. Animals The studied animals were cattle reared by communal farmers of the Northern Communal Areas of Namibia and slaughtered at the study abattoir. Slaughter animals were transported to the abattoir by road on approved transport vehicles. Upon arrival, ante-mortem examina-tion was carried out in holding pens prior to slaughter. Study design and data collection Routine ante-mortem inspection was carried out a day before slaughter by visual inspection for disease or lesions, and detaining sick animals for further investiga-tion. Healthy animals were passed for slaughter. Slaugh-ter and dressing was followed by post-mortem meat inspection involving visual examination, palpation and systematic incision of carcasses and visceral organs ac-cording to procedures described in the Red Meat Regula-tions of the Meat Safety Act (2000). Gross diagnosis was based on the pathological changes such as color, size, morphology, consistency, and presence of lesions or par-asites. Meat inspection procedures were carried out and recorded by qualified veterinary hygiene inspector assis-tants under the overall supervision of the State Veterinar-ian from the Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform. All carcasses condemned at post-mortem inspection were temporarily stored in the condemnation room, from where they were disposed of under veterinary supervision at the end of the dayโs slaughter. For the purposes of this study, the rea-sons for condemnation of carcasses were categorized into bruising, pus and miscellaneous (faecal contamination, digesta contamination, cachexia, icterus, cysticercosis or beef measles). Carcasses were graded into A, B, and C after meat inspection based on age (year). In this 4-year retrospective study, carcass condemna-tion records from 2008 to 2011 were retrieved with per Downloaded from jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir at 15:00 IRST on Tuesday January 19th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.7.4.4843 ]
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Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control 7 (2020) 163-169 165 Journal website: http://www.jfqhc.com mission of the abattoir operator and the Directorate of Veterinary Services and analyzed to identify the caus-es/reasons for condemnation, determine condemnation rates, and risk factors for condemnation. Estimation of economic losses Economic losses were estimated using records of the total number of carcasses condemned, individual carcass weight and grade and the average producer prices per kg for each carcass grade. The average price paid per kg (N$ 38/kg) and the average weight of a bovine carcass (220 kg) was estimated using data in the Meat Board Annual Report (Meat Board, 2019). A rate of US$ 1 to N$ 15.55 was used to convert the total financial losses to US dollars. Statistical analysis Pivot tables were used to categorize data. Chi square analysis was used to test for association of categories, including condemned carcasses, passed carcasses, year of study, season of study, sex of carcass, and grade of carcass and reason for condemnation. The Z score test was used for comparison of population proportions. The SPSS software version 25.0 was used whereby p values โค0.05 were considered significant. Results As shown in Table 1, a total of 32 648 cattle were slaughtered at the abattoir over the study period (2008-2011). The overall condemnation rate of carcasses was 0.37% (n=120), representing an estimated loss of revenue of US$ 64 515.99. The outcome of post-mortem inspec-tion was dependent on the year of study [X2(3)=23.82; p<0.05], with the proportion of condemned carcasses in 2010 and that of passed carcasses in 2011 greater than the other studied years (0.15 and 34.73%, respectively; p<0.05). More female than male carcasses were condemned (65 and 35%, respectively; n=120, p<0.05) and the proportion of condemned carcasses per sex category was significantly dependent on the year of study [X2(3, n=120)=8.95; p<0.05] as illustrated in Table 2. The pro-portion of condemned carcasses in 2010 was greater than those in 2009 and 2011 (40.0, 10.0, and 20.0%, respec-tively; p<0.05), while the proportion of condemned carcasses in 2009 was lower than those in 2008 and 2011 (10.0, 30.0, and 20.0%, respectively; p<0.05). Overall, condemnations due to bruising were signifi-cantly higher than those due to miscellaneous causes and pus (50, 33, and 16.7%, respectively; p<0.05). The proportion of carcasses condemned for bruising, miscel-laneous reasons, and pus contamination was significantly dependent on the year of study [X2(6)=27.56; p<0.05]. Overall, the proportion of condemned carcasses accord-ing to reason for condemnation was independent of the sex of carcass [X2(2)=4.58, p>0.05] which is indicated in Table 3. Throughout the study period, more carcasses were condemned in summer than in winter (74.2 and 25.8%, respectively; p<0.05). The proportion of carcass-es condemned due to pus in winter was significantly higher than summer (15.0%, p<0.05). Condemnation of carcasses was dependent on the grade of carcass [X2(4)=13.28, p<0.05]. Older carcasses (grade C) than younger carcasses (grade A and B) were condemned due to pus contamination (4.2, 4.2, and 25.0%, respectively; p<0.05), bruising and miscellaneous reasons (48.3 and 15.0%, respectively; p<0.05). Out of the 20 miscellaneous causes of carcass condem-nation, cachexia (13 cases) was the greatest reason for condemnation followed by icterus (3 cases), bovine cysticercosis (2 cases), faecal contamination (1 cases), and digesta contamination (1 case). Table 1: Carcass condemnation of cattle slaughtered at Oshana region, North of Namibia during 2008 to 2011 Year Outcome of post-mortem inspection Passed carcasses (%) Condemned carcasses (%) Total (%) 2008 8 957 (27.44) 36 (0.11) 8 993 (27.55) 2009 4 671 (14.31) 12 (0.04) 4 683 (14.34) 2010 7 562 (23.16) 48 (0.15)* 7 610 (23.31) 2011 11 338 (34.73)* 24 (0.07) 11 362 (34.80) Total 32 528 (99.63) 120 (0.37) 32 648 (100.00) *Values were greater than expected since p<0.05. Downloaded from jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir at 15:00 IRST on Tuesday January 19th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.7.4.4843 ]
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Mbiri et al.: Carcass Condemnation of Slaughtered Cattle in Namibia 166 Journal website: http://www.jfqhc.com Table 2: Number (%) of carcass condemnations of cattle slaughtered at Oshana region, North of Namibia according to sex, grade of carcass, and reason for condemnation Category Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total (%) Sex Female 25 (20.8) 4 (3.3) 36 (30.0) 13 (10.8) 78 (65.0) Male 11 (9.2) 8 (6.7) 12 (10.0) 11 (9.2) 42 (35.0) Grade of carcass A 1 (0.8) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 6 (5.0) * 7 (5.8) a B 1 (0.8) 2 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 4 (3.3) 7 (5.8) a C 34 (28.3) 10 (8.3) 48 (40.0) * 14 (11.7) 106 (88.3) Reason for condemnation Bruising 26 (21.7)* 7 (5.8) 22 (18.3) * 5 (4.2) 60 (50.0) Pus contamination 7 (5.8) 5 (4.2) 12 (10.0) * 16 (13.3) * 40 (33.3) Miscellaneous 3 (2.5) 0 (0.0) 14 (11.7) * 3 (2.5) 20 (16.7) Total 36 (30.0) ab 12 (10.0) 48 (40.0) a 24 (20.0) b 120 (100.0) *Value were greater than expected since p<0.05. Values within the same row or column with different letters were significantly different since p<0.05. Table 3: Number (%) of condemned carcasses of cattle slaughtered at Oshana region, North of Namibia based on sex, season, and carcass grade Category Reason for condemnation Bruising Miscellaneous Pus Total Sex Female 44 (36.7) 13 (10.8) 21 (17.5) 78 (65.0) Male 16 (13.3) 7 (5.8) 19 (15.8) 42 (35.0) Season Winter 10 (8.3) 3 (2.5) 18 (15.0)* 31 (25.8) Summer 50 (41.7) 17 (14.2) 22 (18.3) 89 (74.2) Grade A 0 (0.0) 2 (1.7) 5 (4.2)* 7 (5.8)a B 2 (1.7) 0 (0.0) 5 (4.2)* 7 (5.8)a C 58 (48.3)* 18 (15.0)* 30 (25.0)* 106 (88.3) Total 60 (50.0) 20 (16.7) 40 (33.3) 120 (100.0) *Value were greater than expected since p<0.05. Values within the same row or column with different letters were significantly different since p<0.05. Discussion A low overall carcass condemnation rate of 0.37% de-termined in this study is in agreement with rates of 0.1 to 1% reported by several studies in Southern Africa (Phiri, 2006; Tembo and Nonga, 2015; Tlhapi, 2013), East Afri-ca (Moje et al., 2014), the Middle East (Yibar et al., 2015), South America (Junqueira Junior et al., 2020), and North America (Akkina and Estberg, 2019; Haredasht et al., 2018). The prevalence of carcass condemnation reported herein is, however, several times higher than those reported by researchers in Ghana (Mohammed et al., 2018) and much lower than the prevalence of 1-17% from Chile (Strappini et al., 2010), Ethiopia (Kelo and Alemu, 2018), and South Africa (Webb et al., 2020). An earlier study conducted at another high throughput abat- toir in Namibia reported a lower condemnation rate of 0.2% than in the current study (Madzingira et al., 2018), despite receiving higher rainfall levels than in our study area and sourcing cattle for slaughter from domestic- wild animal interface areas. Other factors such as experimental design, length of study, geographical location, months, seasons and even years of study may have contributed to the observed differences in carcass condemnation rates (Folitse et al., 2017; Mummed and Webb, 2015; Noronha et al., 2019). Overall, generalized bruising was the major cause of carcass condemnations (50%) in this research. This rate of condemnation was higher than what reported in Chile (Strappini et al., 2010) and Ghana (Folitse et al., 2017),Downloaded from jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir at 15:00 IRST on Tuesday January 19th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.7.4.4843 ]
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