Multidisciplinary Research Centre (MRC)

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Chapter 4 - Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) polysaccharides
(Elsevier, 2022) Cheikhyoussef, Ahmad
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) is an essential herb with well-documented health beneﬁts. Carbohydrates were detected in the ethanolic bud extract of S. aromaticum. Two antithrombotic polysaccharides were isolated from the ﬂower buds of clove by anion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction column chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography with molecular weight ranging from ca. 34,000 to ca. 103,000 Da. Clove polysaccharides have the backbone of type I rhamnogalacturonan, and the side chain of arabinan with the sulfate is being positioned at 6 of 3-linked galactosyl residues. Although polysaccharides from cloves have an antithrombotic ability, their activities in vitro are lower than that of heparin. Sulfated polysaccharides from cloves show a slightly lower salt concentration due to their relatively low sulfate/sugar ratio, which gives distinctive structural characteristics compared to other polysaccharides such as algae polysaccharides. The anticoagulation action with no toxicity in vivo of low molecular weight sulfated polysaccharide may represent a valuable and safe antithrombotic agent. This chapter gives an overview of polysaccharides from S. aromaticum, their characteristics, and their potential applications.
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) phenolics: Extraction, compositions, and biological activities
(Elsevier, 2022) Cheikhyoussef, Ahmad
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) is a dried ﬂower bud belonging to the Myrtaceae family indigenous to Indonesia. Recently, it has been farmed in diﬀerent places worldwide with potential food and nutraceutical applications. Clove volatile compounds contribute to the smell and unique aroma; meanwhile, nonvolatile compounds in the clove are mainly responsible for the taste. Clove is well known for its high level of antioxidants because of the ﬂavonoids, hydroxy benzenes, phenylpropanoids, and other reducing substances. Clove phenolics comprise between 8% and 12% (w/w) gallic acid equivalents and are mainly composed of hydrolyzable tannins, phenolic acids, ﬂavonoids, and eugenol, major bioactive molecules in this valuable herb. Gallic acid is the highest among the phenolic acids in clove and other gallic acid derivatives such as hydrolyzable tannins, which are also present in higher concentrations. Other phenolic acids found in the clove are ellagic, ferulic, caﬀeic, and salicylic acids. In addition, ﬂavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol were reported. This chapter will focus on clove phenolics’ structure, composition, and biological activities.
The economic viability of emerging commercial farmers under the resettlement programme
(2020) Lendelvo, Selma M.; Shapi, Martin K.; Mapaure, Clever
Land reform programmes have been embarked upon by some African governments to address land inequalities after gaining independence from their colonial masters. Land redistribution to the land poor and from large-scale farmers to small-scale farmers is thus robust, both theoretically and empirically. The Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN) committed to addressing the skewed land ownership that prevailed for over a century in the country by introducing land reform programmes after independence. The National Resettlement Policy, the Agricultural (Commercial) Land Reform Act (No. 6 of 1995) and the Communal Land Reform Act (No. 5 of 2002) are the key instruments that guide land reform in the country, particularly concerning the acquisition of farmland for redistribution purposes. Secure land tenure is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the socioeconomic development of any society. Historically, many Namibian people were dispossessed of their land to pave the way for the establishment of largescale commercial farms with freehold title for settlers. This practice resulted in many Namibians being confined to small-scale communal subsistence farming characterised by low returns and insecure land rights. The land redistribution programmes aimed at ensuring fair land distribution among all Namibians and the integration of previously disadvantaged Namibians into the mainstream of the country’s economy. The Affirmative Action Loan Scheme (AALS) provides subsidised loans to previously disadvantaged Namibians enabling them to 36 • “Neither here nor there”: Indigeneity, marginalisation and land rights in post-independence Namibia acquire commercial farms and engage in large-scale farming, while the National Resettlement Programme (NRP) targets small-scale commercial farmers. While recognising that secure land rights are not the panacea for all shortcomings in agricultural productivity, this paper seeks to document factors influencing the economic viability of the resettlement programme in Namibia. This is done by analysing the ability of leasehold agreements granted to resettlement beneficiaries by the Ministry of Land Reform (MLR) to attract investment and subsequently trigger agricultural productivity, as well as by establishing other promoters contributing to this throughput. It is found that there has been improved productivity at the resettlement farms, but that there is still a lot of room for improvement. The current interventions by the stakeholders involved in land reform therefore have to be buttressed by more innovative efforts and also by the cooperation of the farmers
GPS collars in studies of cattle movement: Cases of northeast Namibia and north Finland
(2011) Polojarvi, Katja
The deployment of the US Global Positioning System can be seen as a mega-engineering project in itself. This GPS system consists of 24 satellites and has been operational since 1978; in 1984 the system has been open for civilian use. Spin off from this new technology has been a whole industry based upon GPS-navigation. This together with the advances in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software has created industries based upon location based knowledge. We can give exact locations to any object, person or process on the surface of the earth, enabling us to produce real time spatial databases. How to incorporate traditional and indigenous knowledge into GIS-data is a fascinating problem. People’s memory of time and place is not exact, but there are markers in space and time which can be used to relate indigenous knowledge with more exact forms of data. Allowing for traditional forms of land use in a world dominated by other more advanced and intensive forms of land use is probably a very demanding task. There will be a need to integrate traditional knowledge with exact data on land use, wildlife, conservation, environment and management. This is definitely an important issue in engineering earth and the environment
Living conditions among people with disabilities in developing countries
(Bristol University Press, 2011) Eide, Arne H.
Living conditions and poverty are two common quantifiers or parameters of socioeconomic status and both have evolved from rather narrow economic and material concepts to encompass broader and more complex understandings. studies on living conditions have evolved to include individuals’ capabilities and how they utilise their capabilities.
Sub-Saharan teacher STEM professional development with digital ink: Follow-up (Sub-Saharan pen-based computing follow-up)
(Springer, 2019) Hamilton, Eric
This chapter reports on research activities originally reported at the 2015 WIPTTE conference, the last one held prior to the conference name change. The chapter, entitled “A Model and Research Agenda for Teacher and Student Collaboration Using Tablets in Digital Media Making: Results from Sub-Saharan Workshops” reported on a series of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) projects funded by the Kenyan Ministry of Education, Microsoft Research, and the National Science Foundation. The research has continued since then, with additional support from the Namibian Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture, the US State Department’s Fulbright Program, and new, multiyear funding from NSF. The chapter describes the evolution of the project and five themes emerging from it, in addition to describing a new four-year effort related to the original paper. The original paper focused on activities in Kenya, Ghana, Uganda, and Namibia. This chapter centers on follow-up activities in Namibia.
Towards the reduction of vulnerabilities and risks of climate change in the community-based tourism, Namibia
(2018) Lendelvo, Selma M
Abstract Climate change is one of the contemporary issues in the world that has proven to have a direct impact on the development of different nations. Community-based tourism has been identified as a potential contributor to household security. In this chapter, the analyses were derived from regional consultations in the two regions with community members, traditional leaders, and key stakeholders. In Namibia and particularly Kunene and Zambezi regions, community-based tourism has expanded, providing employment to the residents of these communities. Similarly, there has been an increase in joint venture agreements between local communities and external investors in areas such as constructions of lodges, tented camps, and tour guiding. The community-based tourism sectors in the Zambezi region and Kunene region are prone to climatic hazards, in particular, frequent floods and prolonged drought. This chapter recommends inclusive climate change adaptive strategies that promote climate proof infrastructure for tourism establishment. An effective community-based tourism intervention for the Zambezi region is necessitated by well-informed and consultative planning and execution to reduce the effects of floods. For Kunene region, community-based tourism interventions should be aimed at addressing the risks resulting from drought. It should, therefore, prioritise sustainable water security and environmental management practices.

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