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Mude, Torque Kulobone, Alberts Munyanya 2026-02-06T07:52:59Z 2026-02-06T07:52:59Z 2025 http://hdl.handle.net/11070/4204 A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Studies) Critically analysing the emerging trajectories of political party systems and the concomitant political elitism that has ensued in Namibia constitutes the objective of this study. In essence, the study analyses the evolving trends and patterns of political rivalry within Namibia's democratic framework from 1990 to 2024. Namibia, one of the relatively newest democracies in Africa, has seen significant changes and developments in its political environment since attaining independence in 1990. To examine the dynamics of party systems, the impact of regional and ethnic identities, and the function of elite actors in forming political narratives and public policy, this study employed a qualitative approach. Important conclusions drawn from this study illuminate the emergence of opposition parties, the growing fragmentation of the political landscape, and the enduring political elitism that prevents wider involvement. Undeniably, these conditions are disingenuous to democratic consolidation in Namibia. To unpack the aforementioned dynamics, the study delves deeper into how historical legacies and socioeconomic considerations impact these dynamics, offering insights into Namibia's link between political struggle, political systems, and democratic consolidation. The study found that while the South West Africa People’s Organisation (SWAPO) has maintained its dominance since independence, new political parties like the Landless People’s Movement (LPM), the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC), and the Affirmative Repositioning (AR) have gained some traction, showing shifting political allegiances. The study also found that political competition in Namibia presents both opportunities and challenges. Although political competition has resulted in broader representation and democratic vibrancy, it is characterised by deep-rooted political elitism, limited internal democracy, and ethnicised voting patterns within ii parties. Additionally, neo-patrimonialism and clientelistic practices have continued to undermine competitive multiparty politics in Namibia. The study further found that the emergence of political parties has had different effects on governance and democratic institutions. Although elections have largely remained peaceful and constitutional, the dominance of a few elites has weakened institutional accountability, undermined political participation, and hindered policy responsiveness en University of Namibia Political competition Democratic framework Political party systems Political elitism Political participation Community influence Democratic institutions Political alliances Governance Emerging trends Neo-patrimonialism Clientelism Corruption Namibia University of Namibia Analysing the emerging trends and patterns of political competition in Namibia’s democratic landscape: Political party systems and political elitism perspectives, 1990-2024 Thesisopen.access