Research Articles (CHNS)

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Genexpert MTB/RIF diagnostic and Tuberculosis treatment initiation delays in Namibia
(2019) Chikuse, Fancis F.; Dzikiti, Loveness N.; Chideme-Munodawafa, Auxilia; Maruta, Talkmore; Mavondo, Greanoius A.; Mukesi, Munyaradzi; Maisiri, Mathew; Gundidza, Patricia T.; Amukugo, Hans J.; Akai, Larai A.; Soko, Munyaradzi M.
Background: Early diagnosis and treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis are crucial in the control of the disease and treatment success. In Namibia, there is a gap in empirical data on the diagnosis and treatment initiation delay time since the roll-out of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) assay in 2017. This study aimed to determine Xpert pre-diagnosis and turnaround time at Namibian Institute of Pathology (NIP) as well as rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) treatment initiation delay on patients admitted at Katutura Intermediate Hospital TB clinic. Methods: This was retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted from 1 July 2018 to 31 March 2019. A total of seventy two participants comprising of twenty five RR-TB and forty seven non RR-TB patients were enrolled using consecutive sampling method. Laboratory information system (LIS) was utilized to determine Xpert median pre-analytical delay and turnaround time. Patients’ records and LIS were used to calculate median treatment initiation delay time post Xpert diagnosis. Data on continuous variables was summarized as median and interquartile range. Results: The median pre-diagnostic, diagnostic and treatment initiation delay time were 7.5 (IQR: 0-14), 1 (IQR: 0-3) and 10 (IQR: 1-32) days respectively for RR-TB. For drug susceptible TB, the median pre-diagnostic, diagnostic and treatment initiation delay time were 5 (IQR: 1-8), 1 (IQR: 0-3) and 3 (IQR: 0-12) days respectively. Overall, median health system delay time was 21 (IQR: 2-32) days for RR-TB patients and 12 (IQR: 1-12) days for non RR-TB patients. Conclusion: Treatment initiation to appropriate second line regimes was long for many patients and may be attributable to poor interpretation of discordant results and increased number of RR-TB patients for treatment since Xpert adoption. Unnecessary referrals due to shortages of pulmonologists, cumbersome baseline investigations and outdated guidelines and policies could be the determinants of health system delay time. Interventions targeted at addressing identified factors should be implemented. Further studies should explore the actual treatment gap among RR-TB patients and further risk factors for delayed treatment.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary schools learners on sanitation and hygiene practices
(2018) Shilunga, Anna Panduleni; Amukugo, Hans J.; Mitonga, Kabwebwe H.
Background: Water, sanitation and hygiene played a significant role in schools by reducing water and sanitation related diseases; subsequently improving the health and learning performance of school-aged children. However, ppeople’s knowledge and attitudes on sanitation and hygiene determine the actual practice towards it. This study aimed at assessing and describing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary school learners towards sanitation and hygiene. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive design was used. A questionnaire was used to collect data among 450 learners in 10 selected primary schools in Ohangwena region. The study population was grade five, six and seven primary school learners. A three staged probability sampling method was employed. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. Results: The result indicated that younger learners in lower school grades, has poorer knowledge, attitudes and practices towards hygiene and sanitation than older learners irrespective of their gender, school circuits or location. This is a logical conclusion because, as learners become older, they become more aware and take precautions about hygiene and sanitation issues. Conclusions: Younger learners in lower school grades, has poorer knowledge, attitudes and practices towards hygiene and sanitation irrespective of their gender, school circuits or location. The older learners become more aware, and cautious about hygiene and sanitation issues comparing to younger learners. The practice and knowledge of sanitation and hygiene are implicated by the reality of the conditions of the sanitation facilities available to them.
The experiences of mothers and caregivers on feeding practices of children under the age of five years with undernutrition in Oshikoto region, Namibia
(2018) Mulenga, Ester; Amukugo, Hans J.; Shilunga, Anna Panduleni
Background: Undernutrition in children under the age of five years is prevalent in the developing countries which increase the risk of morbidity and mortality among such age group. Lack of information related to nutrition and feeding practices as well as other factors such as employment and pressure from family and community members cause mothers and caregivers of children under the age of five years to use inappropriate methods of feeding which contribute to undernutrition. Purpose: The aim of this article is to relate the experiences of mothers and caregivers on feeding practices of children under the age of five years in Oshikoto region, Namibia. Methods: A qualitative study design was utilized to explore and describe the experiences of mothers and caregivers on feeding practices of children under the age of five years. The study population comprised of mothers and caregivers of children diagnosed with undernutrition either severe or moderate, admitted in pediatric units or registered on Nutritional Assessment Counseling and Support programme. A purposive sampling was used to select participants and a total number of fifteen mothers/caregivers were interviewed. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Tesch steps. Results: The study revealed that mothers and caregivers experienced lack of information related to nutrition and feeding practices and other contextual constraints which resulted in the utilization of suboptimal feeding practices of children under the age of five years. Conclusions: Due to challenges experienced by mothers and caregivers, they need to be empowered with knowledge on nutrition and feeding practices of children under the age of five years.
Record-keeping: A qualitative exploration of challenges experienced by undergraduate nursing students in selected clinical settings
(2019) Muyakui, Emmely; Nuuyoma, Vistolina; Amukugo, Hans J.
Good nursing practice requires detailed record-keeping, which should be timely, comprehensive and accurate. Undergraduate nursing students experience challenges with record-keeping. As a result, a phenomenal qualitative study aimed at exploring and describing the record-keeping challenges experienced by undergraduate nursing students was carried out in one of the northern-eastern regions, Namibia. The data were collected through three focus-group discussions with 23 second-year degree nursing students. It became evident that nursing students experienced challenges with record-keeping in clinical practice, as evidenced by the three themes: theory-practice gap, health system-related challenges and hospital staff-related challenges. This study has implications for nurse educators in terms of promoting uniformity and good record-keeping practices in clinical settings.
The experiences of mothers during the hospitalisation of their low birth weight babies in Neonatal unit at Windhoek Central Hospital Windhoek Khomas region Namibia
(2018) Shiweda, Ndahafa Annashitasia; Amukugo, Hans J.
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experience of mothers during the hospitalisation of their low birth weight (LBW) babies in neonatal unit Windhoek Central Hospital, Khomas region, Namibia. A qua-litative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was employed. The data was collected through in-depth interviews conducted at neonatal unit of Windhoek Central Hospital, with the permission from the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS). A sample of ten (10) mothers was selected with the means of purposive sampling. Informed consent was obtained from the participants and interviews were tape recorded, with the permission from the participants. Different communication skills were used to encourage partici-pants to verbalize their experiences. Data was transcribed verbatim and was analyzed according to Tesch’s eight steps of analyzing qualitative data that led to the formation of themes and sub-themes. The study results gave insight in-to emotional reactions, various supports, challenges experienced by the mothers and also the wishes they expressed. Based on the study finding, the researcher recommended an establishment of a rooming-in space for the mothers, establishment of high care neonatal units in hospitals outside Windhoek, implementation of improved breastfeeding programme, psy-chosocial care and lastly further research.
Experience of students Nurses regarding caring of mothers’ undergone Caesarean section at postnatal ward at Katutura State Hospital
(2018) Shikalepo, Fransina Ndapewa; Amukugo, Hans J.
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of second year University of Namibia nursing students regarding caring of mothers’ undergone caesarean section at postnatal ward at Katutura state hospital. Participants were purposively sampled and unstructured individual interviews were used to collect the data amongst eleven students. This was done after permission was granted by the Ministry of Health and Social Services and from the University of Namibia. Informed consent was obtained and the re-searcher ensured the ethical principle of justice, autonomy, beneficence and respect. Data was analysed using TESCH’S method of data analysis that merged to the formation of five (5) themes and eight (8) subthemes. The results indicated that participants experience challenges during the care of mother’s undergone caesarean section. Participants expressed patient factors that are hindering the caring of mothers. Participants also expressed different experiences regarding learning opportunities and different emotions regarding caring of mother’s undergone caesarean section. Recommendations were made regarding reinforcement of guidelines and policies which govern health care personnel and introduction of new policies which will promote the health and wellbeing of mothers who have undergone caesarean section, and also improve health education on wound care and aseptic techniques within service training programs.
Knowledge and attitude of patients in relation to the primarry health care services provided by nurse at Okuryanagava Health Centre
(2018) Ndanyengwa, Thadeus Rejoice; Amukugo, Hans J.
The purpose of this study was to assess and determine the knowledge levels and attitude of patient with regards to the health services provided by nurses at Okuryangava heath centre. The study employed a quantitative and descriptive study design, on a convenient sample of 80 patients from the average number of patients (100) that visit the Okuryanava health centre using a simple random sampling method. Data was collected using a structured questionnaires during the month of October 2017. Data was analyzed using a computer software package, statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22. This was done after permission was granted from the University Of Namibia, the Ministry of Health and Social Services and informed consent was obtained from the participants. The study concluded that a significant number patients have high level of knowledge on different services provided e.g. family planning, immunization against major infectious diseases is provided etc. and their importance. As a result, the researcher recommendations focused on the need of Policies, guidelines, enough booklets/leaflets and pamphlets/posters regarding all available health services at facility, importance of essential services such as Pap smear, family planning, immunization etc. as this will bridge the knowledge gap. And regular evaluations, continuous supervisions and reassessing of community awareness programs and community knowledge levels to identify areas that need reinforcement or further health education.
The experiences of mothers and caregivers on feeding practices of children under the age of five years with undernutrition in Oshikoto region, Namibia
(2018) Amukugo, Hans J.; Shilunga, Anna Panduleni
Background: Undernutrition in children under the age of five years is prevalent in the developing countries which increase the risk of morbidity and mortality among such age group. Lack of information related to nutrition and feeding practices as well as other factors such as employment and pressure from family and community members cause mothers and caregivers of children under the age of five years to use inappropriate methods of feeding which contribute to undernutrition. Purpose: The aim of this article is to relate the experiences of mothers and caregivers on feeding practices of children under the age of five years in Oshikoto region, Namibia. Methods: A qualitative study design was utilized to explore and describe the experiences of mothers and caregivers on feeding practices of children under the age of five years. The study population comprised of mothers and caregivers of children diagnosed with undernutrition either severe or moderate, admitted in pediatric units or registered on Nutritional Assessment Counseling and Support programme. A purposive sampling was used to select participants and a total number of fifteen mothers/caregivers were interviewed. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Tesch steps. Results: The study revealed that mothers and caregivers experienced lack of information related to nutrition and feeding practices and other contextual constraints which resulted in the utilization of suboptimal feeding practices of children under the age of five years. Conclusions: Due to challenges experienced by mothers and caregivers, they need to be empowered with knowledge on nutrition and feeding practices of children under the age of five years.
Emergency trolley’s contents and records: Audit study at maternity sections, state hospitals, Windhoek, Namibia
(2018) Manetti, Benjamin Klass Sebulon; Amukugo, Hans J.; Shilunga, Anna Panduleni
The purpose of the study sought to assess and evaluate the contents and records of the emergency trolley in the maternity section of the state hospitals in Windhoek, Namibia. A quantitative and descriptive research design was used for the study to investigate emergency equipment, essential drugs and emergency trolleys. A convenient sample of 10 emergency trolleys in the Windhoek Central Hospital (Hospital A) and Katutura Intermediate Hospital (Hospital B) in Windhoek, Namibia were used. Data was collected using a checklist adapted and edited from the EMSSA. Data were analysed using Microsoft excel 2013. Essential paediatric equipment including bag valve mask devices, Magill’s forceps, oxygen masks were absent in many of the units and wards. Data described that checking of defibrillators, monitors and suction devices still remained a major problem in the units/wards that were fortunate enough to have the aforementioned equipment. A conclusion was that generally the units/wards performed well during the assessments and evaluations. There were still units without emergency trolleys, trolleys that were poorly assessed, and those that were obstructed and registered nurses that had a negative perception to the audit of the emergency trolley. Specialized units such as NICU and Hi-Care Hospital A and Prem Unit Hospital B performed very well in their assessments. Development of policy with regards to assessing, restocking and maintenance of emergency supplies can be used to guide the nurses on what to do. Resuscitation morbidity and mortality meetings in order to identify issues and outcomes surround resuscitation incidences within the unit or ward.
Experiences of University of Namibia nursing students on needle stick injuries: A qualitative study
(2018) Amukugo, Hans J.; Shitokelwa, Titus H.N.; Nuuyoma, Vistolina
Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of University of Namibia nursing students on needle stick injuries. Methods: A qualitative exploratory was used. Unstructured individual interview were conducted to collect data from ten (10) nursing students who were purposively selected. Thereafter, data were analyzed using content thematic qualitative analysis. The study was granted permission and ethical clearance from the University of Namibia as well as Ministry of Health and Social Services. Results: Three (3) themes were generated; experiences of nursing students on needle-stick injury, factors contributing to needle stick injury among nursing students and recommendation made by student nurses to improve prevention and management of needle stick injuries. Findings revealed that nursing students who pricked themselves experienced fear of contracting or spreading blood borne diseases, In addition, they have experienced emotional problems as a result of lack of support from the hospital. Conclusions: Results of this study revealed that needle stick injuries caused emotional trauma to the students therefore, education and prevention strategies were suggested. Moreover, students identified the need to introduce a structured counselling programme for needle stick injury victims and improvement in the incidences reporting procedure.
Nursing and radiography students' perceptions on their wellbeing at the School of Nursing, university of Namibia
(2016) Small, Louis F.; Pretorius, Louise; Walters, A.; Kuugongelwa, S.; De Villiers, E.; Amakali, Kristofina; Anyolo, Epafras; Bampton, Elizabeth L.; Brinkman, C.; Nelumbu, Lucia N.
This paper discusses a report of perception of wellbeing among nursing and radiography students at the School of Nursing of the University of Namibia. A mixed method of descriptive, analytical quantitative and qualitative study was conducted to gather data on self-report perception of wellbeing among the study and target population of 440 Nursing students (both undergraduate and postgraduate) and Radiography students registered for the 2013 academic year at the School of Nursing, University of Namibia, Windhoek campus. Data were collected from a convenient sample of 403 students with a response rate of 95% (n = 383), through a self- administered questionnaire that focused on the six subcomponents of wellbeing. Descriptive and analytical analysis were applied to describe participants’ perceived wellbeing and to determine possible associations between the perceptions of wellbeing as a dependent variable and the independent variables. The findings indicated a significant overall low level of perceived wellbeing among all students irrespective of the study programme and levels of studies.
Nursing and radiography students' perceptions of their learning climate at the School of Nursing, University of Namibia
(2017) Small, Louis F.; Pretorius, Louise; Kuugongelwa, S.; Brinkman, C.; Bampton, Elizabeth L.; Anyolo, Epafras; Haoses-Gorases, Lischen; Amakali, Kristofina
An effective learning climate is described as being humanistic, authentic, supportive and caring. Both the nurse educators and the institution alike therefore have a key responsibility to provide a caring environment that offers optimal learning opportunities for their students. Nevertheless, in biannual student forums anecdotal comments from the students, sometimes emotion laden and without specific detail, challenges have been identified regarding the learning climate. It was thus evident that problems relating to the learning climate existed among students and that these problems needed to be investigated and documented. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of Nursing and Radiography students about their learning climate during the course of their studies at the School of Nursing on the Windhoek campus of the University of Namibia. A quantitative, descriptive and analytical study was conducted during October 2013. The population included all the Nursing and Radiography students enrolled for that academic year at the School of Nursing. A questionnaire that focused on various aspects of the learning climate and support was used after pilot test. Ethical considerations were adhered to. Six of the eleven items discussed obtained a median score of less than 2.5 out of a possible 5, which is regarded as less than average. Suitable recommendations were subsequently submitted
Deliverance of the adolescent friendly health service standards by nurses in Otjozondjupa region of Namibia
(2017) Muyenga, Marry L.; Amakali, Kristofina; Wilkinson, Wilma
Despite the implementation of the national standards for Adolescent Friendly Health Services (AFHS) towards the prevention among others teenage pregnancy the, problem continues to rise across the regions of Namibia. This article presents the findings of a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical study regarding the implementation of the components on Adolescent Friendly Health Care Providers and the Adolescent Friendly Environment of the Adolescent Friendly Health Services standards by nurses in Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. Quantitative data were collected from 12 registered nurse midwives and 23 enrolled nurse-midwives who implement the AFHS at the health care facilities (through structured self-interview questionnaire) and 18 health care facilities that implement the AFHS in Otjozondjupa Region (through checklist) for triangulation of the data. The data were analysed using the SPSS Version 16 data base. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed on selected variables to determine the relationship of variables. The findings indicated that only 30% of the registered nurse-midwives compared to 75% of the enrolled nurses who implement the AFHS were formally trained in adolescent reproductive and sexual health issues. The findings further indicated that although 75% and 87% of the respective categories of nurse respondents indicated that they conduct school outreach activities, the initiative seems not being implemented effectively as can be inferred from only 14% of the registered nurse who indicated that they do conduct health education at schools. In the same vein, 90% of the health facilities had no spaces that were designated for the adolescent health services. Therefore, the recommendations were made in respect of the implementation of these two components of the AFHS standards at the health care facilities in the region.
Health information about chemotherapy side-effects for patients with leukemia at an oncology ward: Do nurses still lead at the frontline?
(2017) Amboto, Justin N.; Amakali, Kristofina
Chemotherapy is the universal treatment for leukemia, a common type of cancer that involves abnormal production of immature leucocytes (white blood cells). As with any medicine, chemotherapy is also associated with the side-effects. The knowledge about the side-effects of chemotherapy helps patients to better manage them, adapt to chemotherapy and thereby enhances treatment outcomes. Therefore, a descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at the Windhoek Central Hospital oncology ward to assess and describe the knowledge about side-effects of chemotherapy among adult male and female patients with leukemia and to determine if nurses provide health education to patients. The data were collected from 21 participants representing a 91% response rate of the study population. The findings indicated that the most known side-effects were the loss of hair (48%) and vomiting (38%). Although a significant percentage (62%) of patients knew about the side-effects of chemotherapy, 60% of the patients received their information from the physicians. The study therefore concluded that nurses at oncology wards seem not being proactive to provide health information to patients. Recommendations were made for the nurses to increase their participation in providing health education to patients.
The factors affecting the implementation of succession planning in the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS), Namibia
(2016) Shatilwe, Joyce T.; Amukugo, Hans J.
The aim of the study was to investigate the factors affecting the implementation of succession planning in the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) in Namibia. Three objectives were set for achieving the aim of study, namely, to determine the factors that have an impact on the implementation of a succession planning programme in the MoHSS; to investigate the human resources management; to investigate the involvement of human resources in recruitment, selection and placement for key posts; and to determine how middle managers are groomed for their management positions. This exploratory study adopted a quantitative descriptive approach, based on data collected using a survey questionnaire. The sampling frame was set at 110 respondents and all questionnaires were completed and returned within a three-week time frame. Data was analysed by means of statistical analysis using Microsoft software and presented in the form of descriptive statistics. The study found that several factors affect the implementation of succession planning in the MoHSS. These factors include leaders being reluctant to take on succession planning; leaders assuming that succession planning do not form part of their work; inadequate information on succession planning; excessive cost/lack of resources; recruitment and replacement; a lack of clear assessment criteria and difficulties associated with internal resistance to change. Given the survey findings, this study recommends that the MoHSS should create greater awareness of succession planning amongst its employees, particularly supervisors and high-level managers. Given the complexity of succession planning, the MoHSS needs to provide increased and clear information on how succession planning should be implemented. Policy documents should be developed to help both managers of human resources (HR) and high-level managers to implement succession planning. In particular, performance assessment criteria should be clear and the MoHSS should consider implementing a performance appraisal system.
Quality health care delivery at health facilities in the Ministry of Health and social services in Namibia
(2017) Amukugo, Hans J.; Nangombe, Julia P.
A quantitative and descriptive study was used to determine quality health care delivery at health facilities in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia (MoHSS). The purpose of the study was to identify the challenges within the health facilities as basis for development of quality improvement training programme for health professionals. A checklist was administered to determine the present situation of quality health care / service delivery at health care facilities. The target population were the managers in leadership positions, such as deputy permanent secretary, undersecretary, directors, pharmacist, medical superintends, principle medical officers, medical officers, health programme officers, matrons, senior officers and others. A total of twenty-one (n = 21) participants were purposively selected, which comprised managers in leadership (n=6) from the MoHSS head office and regional health directorates (regional management teams). (n=15) from the health facilities, Apart from the demographic data, participants were given opportunity to rate quality health care delivery on Likert’s scale with scores ranged from strongly disagree; disagree, agree and do not know on the following variables, such as policies and guidelines; leadership; human, physical, material and financial resources; patient safety, information as well as monitoring and evaluation. The Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for data analysis. Data were presented in percentages, figures and tabular formats. To ensure reliability, items in the checklist were tested using the Cronbach alpha coefficient for multiple items measured on the Likert’s scale. It was indicated that the items from one to forty (1-40) provided a value of 0.95 while the rest of items (measures) was 0.88. For validity, content, criterion and construct were used. The findings of this objective revealed some ambiguities in the availability of policies and guidelines, leadership to facilitate care delivery, health system infrastructure, patient safety, as well as research and information to facilitate quality health delivery.
Experiences of registered and student nurses regarding the clinical supervision in medical and surgical wards: Develop an educational programme to support registered nurses
(2015) Neshuku, Hanna; Amukugo, Hans J.
The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of registered nurses and student nurses regarding the clinical supervision of student nurses in medical and surgical wards. The findings will be a basis to develop an educational programme to support registered nurses during clinical supervision in the same context. The study was a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature. This paper describes Phase 1, of the study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of registered nurses and student nurses regarding clinical supervision of student nurses. Data was collected through in-depth individual face to face interviews thereafter data were analysed based on the Tesch’s method of qualitative data analysis. The numbers of interviews conducted were 35 in total, made up of 27 interviews with student nurses and 8 interviews with registered nurses. The numbers were determined based on the subject who availed themselves for the study as well as data saturation. Study revealed managerial, educational as well as non-conducive environment challenges experiences by registered nurses and student nurses during clinical supervision of student nurses. It was concluded that educational programme should be developed in order to support registered to manage those challenges. The development of the programme is outlined in article part 2.
Paradigmatic perspective for a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia
(2016) Amukugo, Hans J.; Nangombe, Julia P.
This article focuses on the paradigmatic perspective facilitate the development of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the ministry of health and social services in Namibia. The study of this nature requires a paradigmatic perspective; this is a collection of logically linked concepts and propositions that provide a theoretical perspective or orientation that tends to guide the research approach to a specific. Assumptions are useful in directing research decisions during the research process. The study adopted a constructivism and interpretivism approach, since it involved understand the current situation of quality health care/service delivery at health care facilities, and explore and describe the of the health professionals; experiences at the health care facilities. The study was based on the specific information that was accepted as true, as obtained from those lived the experiences of challenges and constraints of providing quality health care at the health care facilities. The paradigm perspectives in this study include Meta – theoretical assumption which consisted ontological, epistemological, axiological, methodological and rhetorical assumptions. Theoretical basis of the study includes Dickoff (1968), Practice Oriented Theory; Programme development by Meyer and Van Niekerk; Kolb’s Theory of experiential learning; Demining’s model of quality improvement, Quality improvement policy of the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) and Centre for Diseases control (CDC) framework for programme education.
Implementation and evaluation of an a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper focuses on the process of the implementation and evaluation of a psychosocial training programme to facilitate reintegration of the imprisoned women who have dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. This paper consists of two sections. The first section deals with the implementation of the psychosocial training programme while the second section evaluates the implementation and the outcomes evaluation of the of the programme. The programme was completed during a three-day workshop at the Correctional Facility in Namibia.
The development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper focused process followed on the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration process of women who had dumped their babies and / or committed infanticide. The development of the educational programme established was based on the survey guide suggested by Dickoff et al. (1968) namely agent, recipient, dynamic and terminus. According to the data analysis, the women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticides were experiencing psychological and socioeconomic challenges, as well as reintegration, legal, and ethical challenges. The researcher decided to develop a psychosocial educational programme to address those challenges. The educational programme was also designed to meet the needs of women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide and to equip them with competencies; such as skills, knowledge, attitudes, and values to manage the psycho-social aspects and to facilitate their reintegration. The educational programme comprises, the aim of educational, objectives, contents of an educational programme educational approaches, programme development process, evaluation of an educational programme.

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