UNAM Gā-aisib Repository
The UNAM Gā-aisib Repository serves as a central platform to preserve and showcase the university's scholarly output.
Communities in the Gā-aisib Repository
Select a community to browse its collections.
Recent Submissions
Antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxicity evaluation of selected schiff base ligands and their corresponding metal complexes
(University of Namibia, 2025) Nawinda, Teopolina N.
Schiff bases are compounds that possess an azomethine group and are considered as
aldehyde and ketone derivatives. Schiff bases have diverse pharmacological
properties and constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development
hence researchers are investigating these compounds for different biological
activities. The present study was designed to synthesize Schiff base ligands and their
metal complexes which were then screened for antibacterial and antioxidant activity
as well as cytotoxicity against a cervical cancer cell line. Schiff base ligands were
synthesized by means of the Schiff’s base reaction, and for each ligand, metal
complexes of copper II (Cu2+) and nickel II (Ni2+) were synthesized. The structural
confirmation of the synthesized compounds was done by Proton Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. The
antibacterial activity of the ligands and metal complexes was assayed by means of
the agar disc diffusion method while the antioxidant activity was determined using
the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power assays. Cytotoxicity
studies were conducted against Henrietta Lacks (HeLa) cells using the 3-(4,5-
dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Both ligands
and metal complexes displayed antibacterial activity against strains of
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and
Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from
2.5 – 10 mg/mL. All tested compounds demonstrated a concentration-dependent
antioxidant activity, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the
range of 1.33 – 85.81 µg/mL. Selected ligands and metal complexes exhibited
cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells, having IC50 values in the range of 4.12 – 16.80
µg/mL. Copper metal complexes exhibited the best antibacterial activity with
iv
recorded MIC of 2.5 mg/mL against most tested bacteria species. On the other hand,
nickel metal complexes had the best antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 1.33 –
33.92 µg/mL. Most ligands and metal complexes exhibited moderate cytotoxicity
against HeLa cells. However, L6 was the most toxic to HeLa cells as indicated by a
lower IC50 (4.12 ± 0.6 µg/mL), compared to other compounds tested for cytotoxicity
in the present study. There are no literature reports on the antibacterial, antioxidant
and cytotoxic activities of the compounds analysed in this study. The results
generated from this study showed that the biologically active ligands and metal
complexes could be used as compounds of interest in the drug discovery process
Activated carbon from waste paper for the removal of contaminants from wastewater
(University of Namibia, 2025) Willemse, Viola-de Amor Chantall P.; Rahman, Ateeq
Water pollution is a critical global issue caused by toxic industrial pollutants that
threaten both human health and the environment. These contaminants include organic
compounds (such as dyes, pesticides, surfactants, and pharmaceuticals) and inorganic
substances like sulphates, nitrates, chlorides, and phosphates. Among the treatment
methods available, activated carbon (AC) stands out for its high adsorption capacity
and cost-effectiveness.
This study aimed to produce activated carbon from waste copy paper using physical
and chemical activation methods, with 5% phosphoric acid used for chemical
activation. Waste paper was first de-inked using a flotation solution of 1% sodium
hydroxide, 1% sodium silicate, and oleic acid, followed by pyrolysis at 600 °C for 2
hours. The resulting ACs were characterised using Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) surface area analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), along with measurements
of pH, density, solubility, and proximate properties.
FTIR analysis of chemically activated carbon revealed O–H and C–H stretching
vibrations, C–O bonds, and phosphate-related groups (P–O and P=O), indicating
successful incorporation of functional groups from phosphoric acid. In contrast, the
physically activated carbon showed C=C stretching and aromatic C–H bending
vibrations. SEM images confirmed a more porous and tubular morphology for the
chemically activated sample, while the physically activated carbon appeared denser
with irregular granules. BET results showed higher surface area for chemical
activation (678.01 m²/g) than physical activation (455.22 m²/g). Additionally, the
chemically activated sample had higher fixed carbon (64.91%) and yield (24.2%),
while the physically activated carbon showed higher pH (10.94) and density
(0.94 g/cm³). Both ACs achieved over 80% removal efficiency for methylene blue and
methyl orange dyes, highlighting their effectiveness.
Thus, this research study will be of interest to water treatment utilities. Moreover, the
research will contribute new knowledge and a better understanding of activated carbon
from waste paper
Aluminium and nickel-doped zinc oxide thin films fabricated through the aqueous spray-coating method and evaluations of their photocatalytic activities
(University of Namibia, 2025) Titus, Wilka N.; Hishimore, Philipus
This work introduces the aqueous spray-coating method to address the challenges in
the fabrication of thin films for photocatalytic applications. The aqueous spray-coating
method has shown to be an effective method for the fabrication of undoped, aluminium
(Al), and nickel (Ni)-doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films on quartz glass substrates
with many advantages, such as simple instrumentation set-up, inexpensiveness, the
ease of controlling the rate of deposition, and high yield. An aluminium (Al3+) complex
salt was synthesised in this study as a source of Al3+ ions in the prepared precursor
solutions for fabricating Al-doped ZnO thin films. The synthesised complex was
characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The various thin
films were fabricated by depositing the prepared aqueous precursor solutions
containing Zn2+ complexes alone as well as Zn2+ with varying mole percentages (2, 4,
8, and 16%) of Al3+ or Ni2+ complexes onto pre-heated quartz glass substrates, and the
as-sprayed films were heat-treated at 450oC for 30 minutes. The structural, optical,
morphological, and photocatalytic characteristics of the fabricated thin films were
evaluated using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis)
spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD results
revealed that the fabricated thin films have a hexagonal wurtzite phase. The optical
properties (absorbance and transmittance) of the fabricated thin films were analysed
using the UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and all the fabricated thin films showed high
transmittance in the visible region over 70%, even after Al and Ni doping. Experiments
on methyl orange dye degradation in the presence of the fabricated thin films under
visible light showed that Al-doped ZnO exhibits good photocatalytic activities that
increase with an increase in the doping mole% of Al. On the contrary, Ni-doped ZnO
thin films exhibited a very slight to no degradation of the methyl orange dye under the
ii
same conditions. The highest degradation efficiency was obtained for 8% Al-doped
ZnO thin films under visible light irradiation
A healer's dream: A portrait of a guided Ñaka, local medicine in Eastern Caprivi (Namibia)
(Utrecht University; University of Namibia, 2026) Jan de Boer
This research focus on the folk sector: the indigenous healthcare system rooted in
local culture. This study describes the illness conceptions and practices of a local healer
and the users of his care. However, the folk sector does not exist in isolation from the
professional sector. Despite the considerable differences between the folk and
professional sectors on the comparative dimensions outlined above, sick individuals
draw upon both sectors, moving back and forth between them in their search for
recovery. As we shall see, indigenous illness conceptions provide the legitimating
framework for this movement.
The professional and folk sectors come into contact through their shared users. This
research, therefore attended to the question of how this indirect relationship
manifests itself in the practice of ñaka
Computer-Assisted Language Learning in the context of higher education in Namibia: A case study of the University of Namibia and Namibia University of Science and Technology
(University of Namibia, 2025) Gawazah, Lazarus; Sabao, Collen; Kangira, Jairos
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Computer-Assisted Language Learning
(CALL) in higher education in Namibia by examining the attitudes and perceptions of students
towards CALL, identifying the factors and characteristics that best support their language learning,
exploring the challenges that impede the delivery of CALL, and determining mitigation strategies
to inform the development of a framework for effective CALL implementation. It further
examined how technology driven approaches and the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) can
contribute to improving English proficiency and support teaching and learning. CALL has gained
increasing prominence in recent years as an interactive instructional technique that utilises
information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance language education, offering a
multimodal learning environment that combines text, graphics, sound and video to facilitate
language learning. Despite the adoption of CALL, learners at various levels of their study in
Namibia still struggle with English proficiency. This challenge is partly attributed to the
inadequate utilisation of interactive ICT methods during learners' formative years, stressing the
need to examine CALL integration from primary grades through to the tertiary level. This study is
situated within the field of Instructional Design and Technology in Higher Education Studies, with
a specific focus on the integration of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in Namibian
tertiary institutions. The study employed a convergent parallel mixed-methods research design,
informed by a pragmatic paradigm, to explore the integration and impact of CALL. Data were
collected from undergraduate students and language lecturers at UNAM and NUST. The study
population included 448 second-year English majors, from which a proportionate sample of 207
students was selected through stratified random sampling, ensuring representation from both
institutions. The sample was allocated proportionally, with 159 students from UNAM and 48
iii
students from NUST (ΣS = 207). In addition, purposive sampling was used to select 30 lecturers
with language teaching experience (18 from UNAM and 12 from NUST). (ΣS = 30). Data
collection instruments included semi-structured questionnaires for quantitative analysis and openended questions for qualitative data. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics,
while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. The study’s conceptual framework
integrated the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Social Learning Theory (SLT), Diffusion
of Innovation Theory (DOIT), and Assessment Theory (AT) for a comprehensive analysis. The
study findings revealed that students held positive attitudes towards CALL, recognising its
potential to enhance language learning. However, students also identified challenges such as
limited access to technology, technical difficulties, and the need for better integration of CALL
into the curriculum. Results indicated that students' socio-economic backgrounds significantly
impacted their access to and utilisation of CALL tools. It was further revealed that students valued
the interactive and engaging nature of CALL but expressed the need for more training and support
to effectively use the technology. The study revealed that lecturers acknowledged the importance
of integrating CALL into language teaching but faced challenges such as lack of infrastructure,
technical support, and training. The Universal Computer-Assisted-Language Learning Model
(UCALM) was developed and proposed to enhance learning. A course outline that provides a
systematic and progressive delivery of CALL content was also proposed, spanning from
undergraduate levels (NQF Level 7 and Level 8) to postgraduate studies at the Master’s level (NQF
Level 9).
The study concluded that while both students and lecturers recognised the potential benefits of
CALL in language learning, significant challenges hindered its effective implementation in the
Namibian higher education context. The findings revealed the need for improved infrastructure,
iv
technical support, and training to facilitate the successful integration of CALL. The study also
concluded that addressing the socio-economic disparities among students was crucial to ensure
equitable access to CALL resources. Furthermore, the study concluded that it is important to
integrate CALL interventions with the curriculum and provide adequate support for both students
and lecturers to maximise the potential of CALL in enhancing language education. The study
recommends that higher education institutions invest in improving the technological infrastructure
to support CALL implementation, including providing reliable internet access and up-to-date
computer equipment. It is recommended that comprehensive training programmes be developed
and offered to both students and lecturers to enhance their technological proficiency and facilitate
the effective use of CALL tools. Institutions are advised to provide adequate technical support to
address any challenges or issues encountered during CALL implementation. Furthermore, CALL
should be systematically integrated into the language learning curriculum, ensuring alignment with
learning objectives and assessment strategies. Collaborative efforts between institutions,
policymakers, and stakeholders should be developed to address socio-economic disparities and
ensure equitable access to CALL resources for all students. Further research is recommended to
explore the long-term impact of CALL on language learning outcomes and to identify best
practices for CALL implementation in the Namibian context
Contemporary issues in librarianship
(Omanarp International Journal of Library and Information Science, 2025) Tijani, Abdulsalami Lucky; Kapia, Selma S. N.; Onyaba, Ejila Irene; Harry, Omorogbe, Osasu; Henok, Frieda
This research investigated the utilization of electronic systems in the management of patient records at
ABUTH, Zaria. To fulfill the study's objectives, the researchers formulated three key research questions:
What is the extent of electronic system usage in managing patient records at ABUTH, Zaria? What
advantages does the implementation of electronic systems offer in the management of patient records at
ABUTH, Zaria? What obstacles hinder the effective application of electronic systems in managing patient
records at ABUTH, Zaria? A survey research methodology was employed, utilizing questionnaires to gather
pertinent data from a sample of 36 staff members across various records departments at ABUTH. The data
collected were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The findings indicated the necessity for the provision
of internet resources and computers, adequate funding for the acquisition and maintenance of ICT tools,
training and retraining of health records personnel in practical computer skills, consistent power supply, and
the promotion of effective organizational design and maintenance culture to ensure operational efficiency.
Additionally, proper maintenance of the databank is essential to prevent system failures
Rebranding the image of librarians as infopreneurs with technical skills in contemporary times
(Omanarp International Journal of Library and Information Science, 2025) Kapia, Selma S. N.; Tijani, Abdulsalami Lucky; Kingsley–Omoyibo, Queeneth A.; Henok, Frieda; Van Wyk, Johanna G.
In contemporary times, the role of librarians has evolved significantly due to the rapid
advancements in information technology. Traditionally perceived as custodians of
physical books and archives, librarians are now at the forefront of managing digital
information and facilitating access to knowledge in innovative ways. This study aims
to explore the rebranding of librarians as "infopreneurs" information professionals who
possess a blend of technical, entrepreneurial, and information management skills. The
research investigates how librarians are adapting to the modern information
landscape and how they are perceived by both their peers and the broader public. A
mixed-method approach was adopted to gather data, with a sample size of 150
participants. Of these, 120 responses were collected through a structured Google
questionnaire, and 30 in-depth online interviews were conducted with librarians from
various institutions. The questionnaire focused on the technical skills of librarians,
their roles in the digital information ecosystem, and the extent to which they consider
themselves infopreneurs. The online interviews provided a deeper understanding of
the professional identity shifts occurring within the field, exploring personal
experiences, challenges, and perceptions of librarianship as an evolving profession.
The results of this study highlight the increasing importance of digital literacy, data
management, and entrepreneurial thinking in the librarian profession. It also reveals
that librarians are increasingly seen as key players in the digital information economy,
with their expertise extending beyond traditional roles. The findings suggest that
librarians' adaptability and acquisition of technical skills are essential in rebranding
their image as infopreneurs who actively shape the future of information
dissemination. This research provides valuable insights into how librarians can
embrace technological advancements and entrepreneurial approaches to strengthen
their professional identity and contribute to the evolving landscape of information
management
Artificial intelligence in academic libraries and its impact on library services and operation
(Omanarp International Journal of Lib & Info Science, 2024) Tijani, Abudulsalami Lucky; Kingsley–Omoyibo, Queeneth A.; Kapia, Selma S. N; Henok, Nelago Ligola Frieda; Esievo, Lovet Ovigue; Obande, Bonnie Obeka; Bilal, Ado Musa
This study investigates the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in academic
libraries and its impact on library services and operations. Through an analysis of
current literature and statistical data, this research aims to understand the
challenges, opportunities, and implications of AI adoption in academic library
settings. The study explores various AI applications such as virtual assistants,
recommendation systems, and data analytics, and assesses their effectiveness in
enhancing user experiences and optimizing library functions. By examining the
theoretical framework and posing research questions, this study seeks to
contribute to the growing body of knowledge on AI in libraries and provide insights
for librarians, administrators, and policymakers
Application of PCR technique to detect polymorphism of the KRTAP1.1 gene in three sheep breeds - A review
(IntechOpen, 2021) Itenge, Theopoline Omagano
The quality of wool and pelt products depends on the quality of the wool and
pelt grown on farm. Genes coding for the proteins involved in the structural components of wool fibre; keratin intermediate filaments (KRTs) and keratin keratinassociated proteins (KAPs) have been extensively researched. The KAPs form a
matrix in which the KRTs are embedded. In sheep, KRTAP1.1 (previously B2A) is
one of the four genes encoding proteins that make up the KAP1.n family. The ovine
KRTAP1.1 gene is clustered with the KRTAP1.3 and KRTAP1.4 genes on chromosome 11. In this chapter, the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – Applied Fragment
Length Polymorphism (AFLP) typing method used to detect polymorphism in the
KRTAP1.1 gene is reviewed. Three length variation KRTAP1.1 alleles; named A,
B and C, of the lengths 341 base pair, 311 base pair and 281 base pair, respectively
have been reported in three sheep breeds; Romney sheep of New Zealand, Merino
sheep of New Zealand and Swakara sheep of Namibia. Genetic variation within the
KRTs and KAPs can be further exploited to determine as to whether such variation
impacts on wool quality. The presence of genetic variation within KRTs and KAPs
offers opportunities for the development of gene markers affecting wool and pelt
quality traits
Quinoa and Amaranth flours and solvent-free extracted starches: Proximate composition, technological and functional properties
(Horizon research publishing corporation, 2025) Muchekeza, Jane Tafadzwa; Nantanga, Komeine Kotokeni Mekondjo; Moyo, Mambo; Itenge-Amushendje, Theopoline Omagano
Amaranth and quinoa are low-input, climatesmart crops that are highly nutritious and increasingly in
demand. Their flours are utilized in various baking
products and other applications, such as sauces. However,
solvent-free extracted starches from these crops have not
been compared to their flours in diverse products, including
meat products. This study examined parameters
contributing to functionality in products for waterextracted starch from amaranth and quinoa, comparing it to
their flours. Analyses included proximate components,
technological properties, and functional properties of the
flours and starches. Results indicated significant
differences in the proximate content of quinoa, amaranth
flours, starches, and corn starch (p<0.05). The protein
content of hydro-extracted starches was higher compared
to alkali-extracted starches from other studies. Corn starch,
used as a control, showed no significant difference (p>0.05)
in the porosity of all flours and starches. Porosity is crucial
for fried meat products as it enhances oil uptake. In this
study, it was desirably lower than 50% in all starches and
flours. The water absorption index was within the
recommended range for optimal functionality of flours and
starches (2-3.5g/g). Swelling power was higher in extracted
starches compared to their flours, which is advantageous
for cooked products. The study indicates that quinoa and
amaranth starch can serve as substitutes for corn starch in
food products, as they exhibit similar properties to the more
expensive corn starch. They exhibited better wettability
and dispersibility properties. These parameters contribute
to products like sausages, enhancing juiciness and texture,
which are desirable traits for consumers. Additionally, the
emulsion capacity of starches did not significantly differ
between flours and starches. Therefore, quinoa and
amaranth flours and starches can be used in emulsion
products as fat replacements. The properties of waterextracted starches analyzed in this study demonstrate their
potential for use in other industries, such as
pharmaceuticals, textiles, and packaging materials