UNAM Gā-aisib Repository
The UNAM Gā-aisib Repository serves as a central platform to preserve and showcase the university's scholarly output.
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Recent Submissions
An investigation into the economic impact of creating a foot and mouth disease free zone in the Central North of Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2021) Shamathe, Kuniberth; Jeremiah, Andrew
The purpose of this study was to investigate into the economic impact of creating a
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) free zone in the central north ofNamibia. A Veterinary
Cordon Fence (VCF) is a large-scale fence-line constructed for the purpose of
controlling livestock contagious diseases such as FMD. Lucrative international meat
export markets are the main reason countries come up with and protect FMD free
zones. Namibia has VCF running across the country from east to west almost dividing
the country in the middle. The beef products from the Northern VCF (NVCF) are not
allowed to cross the VCF to the Southern parts of the country because the Southern
VCF (SVCF) area is regarded as a FMD free zone while the NVCF area is regarded as
a FMD infected zone. Currently, Namibia international beef markets do not buy beef
products from the NVCF-FMD infected zone. As a result, farmers from the NVCF are
complaining that the current situation prevents them from benefitting from the
lucrative export beef market as compared to farmers in the South. This study adopted
the explanatory research design focusing on desk research. The results of the study
showed a statistically significant increase (P
Investigating the transmission of monetary policy through the bank lending channel in Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2021) Mushelenga, Johannes Peyavali; Kuruba, Gangappa
Investigating the transmission of monetary policy is important for an economy. Many channels
exist through which monetary policy decisions affect the economy. This paper examines the bank
lending channel, which reflects the central bank's actions that affect loan supply and real spending.
It is necessary to understand how effective the channels of transmission are, in affecting economic
activities in a given country. This study investigates the transmission of monetary policy through
the bank lending channel in Namibia using four variables namely: gross domestic product (GDP),
interest rate, inflation and bank lending. The study used a Vector Auto-regression (V AR) approach
to estimate time series annual data from Q 1 2009 to Q4 2018. The study employed techniques such
as unit root tests, co-integration, impulse responses and variance decomposition. The co integration test results revealed that co-integration exists among variables. The impulse response
function showed that output growth responded negatively to repo rate. The increase in interest rate
results in a decline in economic activities due to high interest on borrowing and thus a decrease in
economic growth. The variance decomposition indicated that fluctuations in output growth were
attributed to itself. While the total contribution of interest rate, bank lending and inflation was
relatively insignificant. The error forecast of bank lending was attributed by itself with an
insignificant contribution of output growth and non by interest rate and inflation. Fluctuations in
forecasting interest rate were greatly attributed to bank lending and small contributions by the
other variables. The error forecast of inflation was greatly dominated by itself. As the trend fell,
there was a significant increase in the contribution of output growth and a slight contribution by
the other variables
An investigation of employee relations management and its effects on employee performance at the Namibian Correctional Service
(University of Namibia, 2021) Kalili, Saarai Kaunapawa; Acha-Anyi Paul N.
This research investigates the effects of Employee Relations Management (ERM) on
employees' performance at the Namibian Correctional Service (NCS). The study was
conducted at the Correctional Facility for the district of Windhoek, known as Windhoek
Correctional Facility (WCF). The main ERM components observed in this study include
Human Resources Practices, Communication, Trust, Shared Goals and Values. In terms
of these practices, the study examined the importance of these ERM components at the
Namibian Correctional Service, its challenges and the influence of employee
empowerment through ERM organisational performance at the Namibian Correctional
Service. A quantitative exploratory, descriptive research allowed the researcher to
determine facts, do statistical analysis and present findings on employee relationship
management. The data collection instrument used was a questionnaire and 187 of the
instruments were distributed to the employees (males, females) at the Windhoek
Correctional Facility. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the physical distribution of the
questionnaires was disapproved by the NCS to avoid the risks of contracting and
spreading of the virus amongst the employees. As a result, the questionnaires were
administered online to reach the selected respondents. Based on the outcomes from the
questionnaire, it was found that eighty-eight (88) questionnaires were valid for analysis.
The results of the study show that ERM components have a positive effect on
employees' performance, even though the ERM components were regarded as not very
important by the NCS. Thus, with regards to the ERM, there is still a need within NCS
to build and enhance relationships as well as reinforce the commitment to improve
employees' performance. In terms of importance, the study discovered from the survey
that communication was regarded as less important followed by Trust and then HR
practices. This was also detected as the order of the challenges impacting the
implementation of ERM at the NCS. Thus, the study recommends that the NCS should
provide open and transparent communication which will lead to motivated employees
and good performance. The organisation should improve communication with the
employees through exchanging ideas, feelings and opinions with management. Further
studies should link ERM to employee motivation
An investigation into the causes of customer loan default at the Agricultural Bank of Namibia, Oshakati branch
(University of Namibia, 2021) Namupala, Victoria N.; Chirimbana, Moses
Agribank has faced credit risk of borrowers not repaying loans on time as per the loan
contract. This has resulted in financial losses to the ban . The Bank is concerned with
the low rate of loan recovery on its scheduled loan instalments. This concem is due to
clients defaulting, resulting in a persistent growth in the arrear loan book. Though the
bank has adequate security in place for its loan portfolio, the impact of a low rate of
debt collection on its liquidity remains a cause for concern. This study sought to
investigate factors that cause customers to default on loan repayments on loans
financed by Agribank. Due to strict privacy of the Bank, information was only
assessable to the authorised persons. The mixed method approach was adopted for the
study. The study used a semi-structured questionnaire for customers and a semi structured interview guide for staff members. The sample size was 187 participants
that comprising of 37% female and 63% male, with the biggest age group of 41-50
years contributing 44.9%. The loan accounts represented in the study were livestock,
h01iiculture, tractor, and poultry. The study identified that poor loan-monitoring and
follow-up, poor credit risk assessment, high interest rates, and grace period were the
specific factors from the bank's side that affected the level of loan repayment. On the
other hand, business experience, loan size and multiple loans, loan diversion and, other
income were the reasons for defaulting from the customer's side. This study
recommends that Agribank should enforce its loan monitoring officers to always
follow up on the loans taken and to strengthen credit risk assessment. Training
workshops were suggested for customers in areas that concern credit or loans, its
sustainability, and activities that are considered to help the repayment of the loans or
that lead to defaults thereof
The contribution of corporate compliance on the performance and governance of the Namibia Institute of Pathology Limited
(University of Namibia, 2020) Hengari, Nancy; Mafuru, Wilhelm
The purpose of this study is to examine the contribution of corporate compliance on the
performance and governance of Namibia Institute ofPathology. The research investigated
the major corporate and institutional requirements that Namibia Institute of Pathology has
to adhere to including identifying compliance techniques and their effects thereof. The
research adopted pragmatism worldview, a philosophical assumption that arises out of
actions, situations, and consequences rather than post-positivism. The population of the
study was 93 respondents. The research used structured questionnaires to collect
quantitative primary data and an interview guide to collect qualitative data. Quantitative
data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics where as chi-square test
method was used to test the variables. Qualitative data were analysed through content
analysis, in which themes, sub-themes, and patterns that emerged from the study were
examined. The findings of the study indicated that National Health Act, 2015 (Act No.2
of 20 15) as a frame of reference for corporate governance has been doubtfully used by
Namibia Institute of Pathology to inform the structured uniform health system within
Namibia. The findings of this research further showed that there is a certain degree of
compliance especially to ISO 15189 with regard to quality standards; however to a certain
extent, the research fmdings did not reveal how the institute has enforced its responsibility
with regard to conformity with the codes, laws and rules. The research concludes that
Namibia Institute of Pathology has an ambivalent and undetermined approach in its
dealings with matters of corporate compliance and does not have a well-defined corporate
compliance program and the dedicated compliance department to drive the compliance
agenda. Therefore, this research recommends that monitoring and evaluation should be
done with the main purpose of compelling the administration to adhere to the set
institutional framework for corporate governance, that is the National Health Act, 2015
(Act No. 2 of 2015). It is further recommended that the NIP should establish and
strengthen policies and procedures aimed at ensuring compliance with disclosure
requirements as well as accountability at senior management level for the National Health
Act 2015
An investigation into the challenges facing women entrepreneurs in small and medium enterprises in the Khomas region SME Incubator Centre
(University of Namibia, 2019) Mulama-Haimbodi, Suama; Kamati, Reinhold
The study examined challenges facing Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs) in the Khomas region, Namibia. The study objectives were to
identify and rank the chronic challenges that limit the success of women
entrepreneurs. Further, the study investigated the fu r damental root causes of these
challenges and come up with recommendations to mitigate or ameliorate the
fundamental causes and challenges to women entrepreneurs. A mixed research
method was used for this study. A sample for the study was selected through
stratified random sampling. Through stratified sampling method a sample of 100
business-women was drawn from the population of 15,000 women entrepreneurs in
the Khomas region as per the information obtained from the Ministry of
Industrialisation Trade and SME Development (MITSMED). Data was collected
through questionnaires administered to women entrepreneurs who operate in the
SME Incubation centre. Quantitative data collected was analysed by means of
descriptive statistics and the results were presented through figures, tables and
summaries. Qualitative data was analysed, summarised and arranged into categories
then coded and presented in an understandable way.
The findings indicated that the challenges facing women entrepreneurs in the
Khomas region, particularly the incubation centre were: lack of access to finance '
stiff competition, unavailability of land and premises, lack of skills and male
domination. The women entrepreneurs in the Khomas region, especially the
incubation centre need support from government and other stakeholders as well as
the private sector in aspects of mentoring, subcontracting, eliminating gender
inequality, creating fair competition, and availing financing to all. On the basis of the
findings, the study recommended that these challenges should be handled
strategically by solving the root-cause of the problem. In this regard, women
entrepreneurs need more support from government and other stakeholders by
reducing or reviewing the barrier requirements that are restricting the women
entrepreneurs from operating effectively and efficiently. The study also
recommended that the government and private sector should create an open dialogue
with women entrepreneurs to review the existing platforms of trading policies as well
as such policies to be implemented so that women entrepreneurs can freely trade in a
conducive and clean environment to add value to the Namibian economy
An analysis of the sources and use of financial resources of local authorities: The case of Rehoboth Town Council
(University of Namibia, 2020) Haiyaka, Else Gudrun Salome; Sunde, Tafirenyika
This study assessed the factors affecting the financial performance of Rehoboth Town
Council. Odero (2017) stated that financial performance in local government in the
country remains poor and a radical approach to financial management was a
necessity. The study assessed the factors affecting financial performance from
institutional, human capital and external environment perspectives and its effects of
financial performance of the town council. The study adopted a case study research
design and data was collected through self-completing questionnaires. These were
administered to 1 05 Rehoboth town council stakeholders. The findings were
presented in graphs, charts and frequency tables. The study concluded that the main
factors affecting Rehoboth Town Council's financial perfonnance included
unavailability of reliable sources of funds, liquidity management, inflation rates,
employee capacity and management practices. Though there were other factors
affecting fmancial performance, the participants highly rated unavailability of reliable
sources of funds, liquidity management, inflation rates, employee capacity and
management practices. They indicated that there is a combination of institutional,
human capital and external environment factors. The study recommended a number of
factors to cushion poor financial performance in local authority among the debt
management techniques, management of the cash conversion cycle and engagements
for creation of sustainable income, investments in modem accounting management
systems, extensive budget consultations and training and development for all the staff
members for understanding of the town council financial management approaches.
However the study only focused on the assessing the factors from a holistic approach,
leaving room for testing of the magnitude of the effects of individual factors.
An evaluation of service quality and challenges faced by the Namibia Students Financial Assistance Fund
(University of Namibia, 2020) Elago, Petrus Uugwanga Tulinane; Saruchera, Fanny
Service quality is the ability of the organization to meet or exceed customer expectations.
The late payment of loans to the Higher Tertiary Institutions (HTI's) in Namibia has been
a major concern to both students and parents for the past years. HTI's put students in
jeopardy when they are not allowed to write their examinations or receive their
examination results due to unpaid tuition fees. It is on this basis that the researcher
intended to evaluate the quality of service being offered by NSF AF from the viewpoint of
students and from NSF AF' s point of view as an institution. The objectives of the study
were: to evaluate the customer perceptions of service quality at NSF AF; to determine if
customers were satisfied with NSF AF service; to establish the service delivery challenges
faced by NSF AF and to identify possible strategies to improve service efficiency at
NSF AF. A mixed methodology of qualitative and quantitative was used in order to gain
an understanding of underlying perceptions and opinions for staff members and
beneficiaries. This study was a combination of descriptive research and exploratory
research. A case study research design was adopted and primary data was collected using
researcher administered questionnaires from 127 students and 89 NSF AF staff members
who were randomly sampled. The study made use of both descriptive and inferential
statistics in drawing conclusions from the results. The study found that there was a
significant difference between the customers' perception of service quality at NSF AF and
service offered by NSFAF. In addition, the study concluded that the majority of students
were not satisfied with the service delivered by NSF AF. The study further revealed that
internal business processes, IT systems, recovery, policies and procedures were the main
internal challenges the fund was faced with. Furthermore, the study revealed that NSF AF
had the necessary resources to deliver effective and timely service to customers. The study
further concluded that government directives and the economic downturn were the main
external challenges that NSF AF was faced with. The study recommends that NSF AF
acquires proper IT systems, to train its staff members on customer care and service,
disburse student funds timely, improve communication and hire more employees in order
to improve and enhance service delivery
An analysis of the effects of daily subsistence allowances expenditure on the overall budget and service goals of the Ministry of Safety and Security in Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2020) Egumbo, Raimo; Sunde, Tafirenyika
As per the State Finance Act, 1991, to reimburse out-of-pocket expenses for trave I
expenses incurred when on work-related responsibilities and to encourage staff to attend
professional development activities, the Daily subsistence allowances (DSA) rates had to
be established. However, weaknesses in the control of daily subsistence allowances
expenditure can cause problems, including distortions of human resource systems, fraud ,
and misuse by the staffs, which has the potential to affect government's objectives
adversely through corruption. The purpose ofthis study was to analyse the effects of daily
subsistence allowances expenditure on the overall budget and service goals ofthe Ministry
of Safety and Security in Windhoek, Namibia as from the financial year 20 I 0/20 I I to
2015/2016. The analysis of daily subsistence allowances effects on the overall budget
identifies the risks of malpractice and fraud and offer suggestions for improvement. The
study applied mixed methods. The population size was 174 and the sample size comprised
of I 08 respondents. The research instrument used in this study was a self-administered
questionnaire, distributed to I 08 respondents. The study found out that, overspending has
become the order ofthe day and this is done at the expense of service delivery. There was
too much movement of members for the same mission and time. This revealed that there
are no proper measures to control the activities when it comes to official missions.
Sometimes staffs have created unnecessary missions just to earn extra income to solve
their problems, and this harms daily subsistence allowances expenditure and the
Ministry's overall budget. In addition to that, the study also found that there was a lack of
financial control measures caused by poor management and lack of accountability
regarding the use of daily subsistence allowances in the line Ministry. Given the findings
of the research, the researcher recommends that theM inistry o fSafety and Security should
make a yearly plan for their missions, which the line Minister are supposed to know by
the beginning of the year. The Mission Committee must be the one in charge of the
planning of the mission, organising, approval and knowing who is travelling while
ensuring that people arc rotating fairly. This will help to improve the effectiveness of
managing the Daily Subsistence Allowances expenditure
The evaluation on the trend of existence of unauthorized expenditures in central government of Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2020) Dax, Hedwig Marine; Pazwvakawambwa, Lillian
Unauthorised expenditures have been a common dilemma occurring in the central
government ofNamibia and other countries. The objective of this study was to examine
the trends of unauthorised expenditure, determine the root causes, and propose strategies
to reduce this unauthorised expenditure. Unauthorised expenditure patterns by 0 /M/ As
were evaluated using descriptive statistics in the form of charts and tables. Trend analysis
was based on Auditor-General reports for the period of 2004-2014. Qualitative content
analysis included establishment of causes of unauthorized expenditure; controlling and
monitoring mechanisms; awareness of policies and regulations and current fmancial
systems in use.
The study revealed that the unauthorised expenditures were occurring because of non compliance with existing and used acts, policies, laws, rules and regulations. Unauthorised
expenditures were caused by dishonesty and disrespectfulness towards the usage of these
acts, policies, laws, rules and regulations. Existing acts, policies, laws, rules and
regulations should be renewed, amended or else the government introduces other
regulations. This could be done through migrating from the existing fmancial framework
which is the State Finance Act, 1991 (Act 31 of 1991) with its regulations.
Honesty, transparency and accountability should be practiced and promoted in the
development and disclosure of financials to make them easier and user friendly. In
addition the internal controls already in existence surrounding these unauthorised
expenditures need to be adhered to, namely: Virementation, whereby underspending
(savings) should be utilised fully to diminish overspending (unauthorised expenditures) in
support of proper planning and financial management. It further recommends each 0 /M/ A
to develop a monitoring and evaluation policy framework and regularly carry out
monitoring and evaluation on financial systems and books.