School of Veterinary Medicine

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Browsing School of Veterinary Medicine by Author "Chitate, Frank"

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    Incidence of contagious Bovine pleuropneumonia in the northern regions of Namibia
    (2020) Mbiri, Pricilla; Kandiwa, Erick; Mushonga, Borden; Samkange, Alaster; Bishi, Alec S.; Madzingira, Oscar; Chitate, Frank
    A 25-year retrospective study investigated the incidence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in the northern communal areas of Namibia. Throughout the study period, the proportion of bovine animals that clinically recovered following treatment of suspected CBPP infection were greater than those that died from suspected CBPP infection (71.6% and 28.4%, respectively, N=4743; z=42.16, p<.001). The proportion of unconfirmed CBPP diagnoses was greater than that of confirmed cases (65.4% and 34.6%, respectively, z=30.04, p<.001). More animals died from confirmed CBPP infection in the North Central Regions (NCR) and Zambezi region (5.4% and 4.1%, respectively) than in Kavango (East and West) and Kunene regions (2.1% and 0.5%, respectively; p<.05). Kavango regions had the greatest proportion of animals (7.9%; p<.05) that clinically recovered following treatment of confirmed CBPP infection whilst more animals in NCR and Kunene region recovered following treatment of unconfirmed CBPP (41.6% and 1.0%, respectively; p<.05). The NCR and Kunene region had greater proportions of animals that died from unconfirmed CBPP infections (9.1% and 1.0%, respectively; p<.05). More animals than expected died of confirmed CBPP in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2004 (p<.05) whereas more animals than expected died of suspected CBPP in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 2004 (p<.05). Overall, the majority of animals died of confirmed CBPP in April, August and December (2.8%, 1.9% and 0.7%, respectively, p<.05). The highest CBPP vaccination coverage was achieved in 2003, 2004, 2009, 2011 and 2012 (96.6%, 82.6%, 84.8%, 90.1% and 90.1%; respectively). The greatest CBPP incidence rates (per 100 000) occurred in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2003 (54.1, 43.4, 75.3, 106.2 and 25.5, respectively). The highest CBPP-related mortalities (per 100 000) occurred in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2004 (25.3, 11.1, 17.2, 11.9 and 15.6, respectively). Although the incidence of CBPP cases has decreased, control of the disease remains a challenge because of cross-border livestock movements between northern Namibia and southern Angola.
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    Incidence of contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia in the northern regions of Namibia
    (2020) Mbiri, Pricilla; Kandiwa, Erick; Mushonga, Borden; Samkange, Alaster; Bishi, Alec S.; Madzingira, Oscar; Chitate, Frank
    A 25-year retrospective study investigated the incidence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in the northern communal areas of Namibia. Throughout the study period, the proportion of bovine animals that clinically recovered following treatment of suspected CBPP infection were greater than those that died from suspected CBPP infection (71.6% and 28.4%, respectively, N=4743; z=42.16, p<.001). The proportion of unconfirmed CBPP diagnoses was greater than that of confirmed cases (65.4% and 34.6%, respectively, z=30.04, p<.001). More animals died from confirmed CBPP infection in the North Central Regions (NCR) and Zambezi region (5.4% and 4.1%, respectively) than in Kavango (East and West) and Kunene regions (2.1% and 0.5%, respectively; p<.05). Kavango regions had the greatest proportion of animals (7.9%; p<.05) that clinically recovered following treatment of confirmed CBPP infection whilst more animals in NCR and Kunene region recovered following treatment of unconfirmed CBPP (41.6% and 1.0%, respectively; p<.05). The NCR and Kunene region had greater proportions of animals that died from unconfirmed CBPP infections (9.1% and 1.0%, respectively; p<.05). More animals than expected died of confirmed CBPP in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2002, 2003 and 2004 (p<.05) whereas more animals than expected died of suspected CBPP in 1990, 1991, 1993 and 2004 (p<.05). Overall, the majority of animals died of confirmed CBPP in April, August and December (2.8%, 1.9% and 0.7%, respectively, p<.05). The highest CBPP vaccination coverage was achieved in 2003, 2004, 2009, 2011 and 2012 (96.6%, 82.6%, 84.8%, 90.1% and 90.1%; respectively). The greatest CBPP incidence rates (per 100 000) occurred in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2003 (54.1, 43.4, 75.3, 106.2 and 25.5, respectively). The highest CBPP-related mortalities (per 100 000) occurred in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 and 2004 (25.3, 11.1, 17.2, 11.9 and 15.6, respectively). Although the incidence of CBPP cases has decreased, control of the disease remains a challenge because of cross-border livestock movements between northern Namibia and southern Angola.
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    Production performance of sheep and goat breeds at a farm in a semi-arid region of Namibia
    (University of Namibia, 2020) Kandiwa, Erick; Nguarambuka, Utjiuasane; Chitate, Frank; Samkange, Alaster; Madzingira, Oscar; Mbiri, Pricilla; Bishi, Alec S.
    This study retrospectively investigated the effect of breed and season on the lambing/kidding dynamics, growth performance, neonatal viability, and weaning dynamics of sheep (Damara, Dorper, and Swakara) and goats (Boer goat and Kalahari Red) at a farm in the Khomas Region of Namibia between 2004 and 2015. Litter size was dependent on breed (X2(12, N = 3388) = 796,p < 0.001), with twinning more frequent in Dorper sheep and Kalahari Red and Boer goats than in the Damara and Swakara sheep (p < 0.05), while triplets were more prevalent in the Dorper sheep and Kalahari Red goats (2.8% and 1.0%, respectively; p < 0.05). Distribution of birth weight categories was dependent on breed. There was a significant difference in the proportions of birth weight categories between breeds (X2(12, N = 3388) = 467, p < 0.001)whereby Dorper lambs weremostly bornweighing below 3 kg (2.6%, p < 0.05); Boer goat kids, Kalahari Red kids, and Damara lambs were mostly born weighing 3 to < 4 kg (4.3%, 6.3% and 19.9%, respectively; p < 0.05); Swakara lambs were mostly born weighing 4 to < 5 kg (12.2%, p < 0.05), and Swakara lambs were mostly born weighing ≥ 5 kg (3.3% and 2.3%, respectively, p < 0.05). Weaning age categories were dependent on breed (X2(12, N = 3388) = 241, p < 0.001) whereby Dorper lambs were mostly weaned at below 3 months of age (2.8%, p < 0.05); Damara lambs were mostly weaned at 3 to < 5 months of age (12%, p < 0.05), and Boer goat kids were mostly weaned at ≥ 5 months of age (0.9%, p < 0.05). Neonatal viability was dependent on breed (X2(8, N = 3388) = 49.2, p < 0.001) whereby Dorper lambs were more susceptible to abortions and neonatal deaths (0.6% and 1.5%, respectively; p < 0.05) than the rest of the breeds. Breed and lambing season interacted to produce effects on the birth weight of offspring although lambing season alone did not have a significant effect on Boer goat and Kalahari Red kids’ birth weights.