UNAM Repository :: Browsing by Author "Habarugira, Gervais"

Browsing by Author "Habarugira, Gervais"

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A 3-year prospective study of the incidence of gastric ulcers in pigs slaughtered at base abattoir in Rwanda
(2017) Mushonga, Borden; Yabaragiye, Bernard; Kandiwa, Erick; Habarugira, Gervais; Samkange, Alaster
Aim: Determination of the incidence of gastric ulcers in pigs slaughtered at Base Abattoir in Rwanda. Materials and Methods: Stomachs from all 5040 pigs that were slaughtered at Base Abattoir in Rwanda from August 2012 to August 2015 were examined for the presence and location of gastric ulcers. The results of the inspections were recorded and analyzed. Statistical analysis for Chi-square values was performed using the Software Package for Social Sciences version 16.0. The Z test for comparison of proportions was used and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Overall as well as per district, significantly more male pigs than female pigs were slaughtered (p<0.05). The incidence of gastric ulcers in slaughter pigs was 12.86%. The incidence of gastric ulcers in males (13.36%) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that in female pigs (12.84%) in all three districts. A significantly greater proportion of these ulcers (69.03%) was located in the esophageal region than in the glandular region of the stomach (30.97%) in slaughtered males (p<0.05). A significantly greater proportion of these ulcers (79.59%) was located in the esophageal region than in the glandular region of the stomach (20.41%) in slaughtered females (p<0.05). The overall incidence of esophageal ulcers (9.44%) in the slaughtered pigs was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of glandular region ulcers (3.41%). Pigs with carcass weight over 60 kg showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher (44.44%) incidence of ulcers than those between 40 and 60 kg (33.33%) and those below 40 kg (22.22%). Conclusion: It was concluded that the incidence of gastric ulceration in slaughter pigs at Base Abattoir was not associated with source (district) or sex of pigs but was associated with the carcass weight.
A 4-year study of the proportional distribution of male reproductive organ abnormalities in cattle slaughtered at Nyagatare abattoir, Eastern Rwanda
(2017) Kandiwa, Erick; Nyirakunzimana, Leoncie; Habarugira, Gervais; Mushonga, Borden; Samkange, Alaster
Male reproductive performance has more impact on overall herd productivity than in the female. In order to assess herd productivity in cattle in Nyagatare, Eastern Rwanda, the proportional distribution of male reproductive organ abnormalities was investigated in 3087 bulls slaughtered over a 4-year period. The aim of the study was to investigate the proportional distribution of male reproductive organ abnormalities in exotic and indigenous bulls slaughtered over a 4-year period at Nyagatare abattoir in Eastern Rwanda. Positioning of the testicles was observed and recorded as the animals were assembled before slaughter. After slaughter, the internal and external reproductive organs of all bulls were removed, labelled and analysed for pathology. Significantly more indigenous (79.01%) than exotic (20.99%) animals were slaughtered (P < 0.05; N = 3 087). Overall occurrence of abnormalities was significantly higher in exotic (20.83%) than in indigenous (10.33%) animals (P < 0.05). Overall, abnormal location of testicles was the most common abnormality (4.08%) followed by abnormal prepuce and penis (2.33%), orchitis (1.94%), enlarged vesicular gland (0.91%), scrotal hernia (0.87%), unilateral cryptorchidism (0.81%), testicular hypoplasia (0.81%) and hydrocoele (0.78%). Abnormal location of testicles, abnormal prepuce and penis, orchitis, testicular hypoplasia and enlarged vesicular glands had significantly higher prevalence in exotic animals than in indigenous animals (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of unilateral cryptorchidism, hydrocoele and scrotal hernia between the exotic and indigenous breeds. The encountered reproductive abnormalities result in poor herd fertility manifesting as low first-service conception rates, prolonged breeding seasons and reduced weaning weights accompanied by inevitable financial losses in beef production. The observed high proportion of male reproductive abnormalities in exotic breeds might offset the professed benefits from introduction of these exotic breeds with the aim of improving productivity.
Artificial insemination in Nyagatare district: Level of adoption and the factors determining its adoption
(2017) Mushonga, Borden; Dusabe, Jean P.; Kandiwa, Erick; Bhebhe, Evison; Habarugira, Gervais; Samkange, Alaster
This study was undertaken to characterize and to estimate the level of adoption of artificial insemination (AI) as well as to identify factors determining its adoption by communal farmers of Nyagatare, Rwanda. This followed the launching of the official Government AI programme in the district several years earlier. A questionnaire was used to carry out a survey of the breeding methods used for small scale dairy cows by farmers from five selected sectors of Nyagatare district of the Eastern Province of Rwanda. Of the 360 respondents, 16.9% primarily used AI, 63.1% used natural service and 20.0% used both methods for breeding. A significant percentage of respondents residing within 5km of the AI centres (79.2%; P<0.05) adopted AI whilst a significant percentage of respondents residing more than 15km from AI centres (92.5%; P<0.05) preferred natural service. A significant percentage of respondents from big families with 6-7 members were using AI (54.1%; P<0.05), whilst all the respondents from small families with up to 3 members opted for natural service (100% P<0.05). A significant percentage of respondents with secondary education (76.9%; P<0.05) opted for AI whilst a significant percentage of respondents with no formal education (98.5%; P < 0.05) opted for natural service alone. A significant percentage of respondents working in both agriculture and animal husbandry (93.1%; P<0.05) opted for AI whilst a significant percentage of respondents working in crop production and other none animal husbandry related sectors (93.2%; P<0.05) opted for natural service alone. Land size in excess of 5 hectares did not significantly influence adoption of AI. The study showed that there were several underlying factors that had the potential to influence farmers' choice of breeding methods. Chief among these factors are level of education of farmer, family size, distance to AI station and occupation in agriculture or animal husbandry.
Characterization of the beekeeping value chain: Challenges, perceptions, limitations, and opportunities for beekeepers in Kayonza district, Rwanda
(2019) Mushonga, Borden; Hategekimana, Landouard; Habarugira, Gervais
A survey was undertaken to characterize the honey production value chain and identify the challenges, limitations, and opportunities for beekeepers in Kayonza District, Eastern Rwanda, in light of the stagnation of the apiculture industry. The majority (86%, n = 100) of the beekeepers were adultmales.Most of the respondents (71%) lacked primary level education. The majority of the hives were made from hollow tree logs (40%), tree barks (12%), banana leaves/bark (11%), cowdung (8%),mud (7%), grass (6%), tree leaves (6%), and the rest (20%) were improved beehives, particularly Langstroth hives.The hive pests encountered were hive beetles (25%), small black ants (19%), waxmoths (12%), lizards (8%), termites (7%), birds (6%), mites (3%), and mice (2%). Fifty-five percent of the respondents hung their hives on trees to prevent pest invasion with 95% effectiveness, 25%frequently smoked their hives with 85% effectiveness, 16% cleared the bushes around apiaries with 55% effectiveness, and 4% used traditional plant insect repellents with 35% effectiveness. Forty-one percent of the respondents lacked adequate information on beekeeping, 25% had inadequate time to work on apiaries, 24% had inadequate technical knowledge and implements, and 10% needed additional labour for managing apiaries. Based on the results of this study, beekeeping in Kayonza is still largely traditional, characterized by the use of antiquated production methods and underutilization of available marketing channels. Perceptions in the district are that beekeeping is for the poor and illiterate. Challenges and limitations of beekeeping in Kayonza District include lack of education, gender bias, pests and diseases, absconding and swarming of bees, high costs, and lack of modern apicultural equipment. However, the potential for developing beekeeping enterprise (opportunities) is immense given the abundance of wild bee populations, possibility of women participation, abundance of honey collection centres (market), and availability of technical support from Government and development agencies. In conclusion, this study advocates the need for intervention measures to educate and promote production and marketing of quality honey, tackle pest and disease for beekeepers and boost Rwanda’s apiculture industry.
Determination of fertility, hatchability and stage of embryonic death in non-hatching eggs at Rubilizi national hatchery
(2017) Mushonga, Borden; Benimana, Theophile; Kandiwa, Erick; Chinyoka, Simbarashe; Samkange, Alaster; Bishi, Alec S.; Habarugira, Gervais
Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the major causes of mortality at different stages of incubation and their economic impact in response to sustainability challenges at the Rwandan National Hatchery. Methods: The study evaluated the fertility, hatchability and embryonic deaths in broiler-producing flocks (B series) and layer-producing flocks (L series) at Rubilizi, a state-owned hatchery in Kigali, Rwanda. Results: Mean fertility in the B series (94.23%) was not significantly different (P >0.05) from that of the L series (93.24%). Mean hatchability in the B series (57.39%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the L series (42.2%). Early embryonic deaths in the L series (8.6%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in the B series (3.9%). Middle embryonic deaths in the L series (6.2%) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in the B series (1.8%). Late embryonic deaths in the L series (21.6%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those encountered in the B series (13.0%). The occurrence of hatch debris in the L series (34.14%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in the B series (24.42%). There was no significant difference in the proportions of pips, rots and malformations/malpositions between the B and the L series (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Low hatchability in the L series possibly resulted from the higher number of embryonic deaths and hatch debris and not from reduced fertility or cull chicks. Total chick losses during the study amounted to US$54 327.00. The hatchery was experiencing more losses in layers than in broilers as emanating from low hatchability of the layers. Further investigations are needed with aim to maximise the hatchery’s capacity.
An epidemiological survey of the magnitude and local perceptions of porcine cysticercosis by two methods in Nyaruguru district, Rwanda
(University of Namibia, 2018) Mushonga, Borden; Habarugira, Gervais; Birori, Aloys; Kandiwa, Erick; Samkange, Alaster; Bhebhe, Evison
This study investigated the magnitude of porcine cysticercosis (PC), its risk factors, economic effects and the perceptions of 80 pig farmers from Nyabimata (n=38) and Muganza (n=42) and 20 registered butchers in the Nyaruguru district of Rwanda. January to December 2013 slaughter records from Kamirabagenzi market were also analysed for PC diagnoses based on the tongue test and meat inspection. During this period, the responding farmers' records showed a tongue test-based PC magnitude (3.9%, n=984) which was lower than the collective tongue test-based PC magnitude of 9.2% (n=1720) at Kamirabagenzi (p < .05). The overall magnitude of PC based on routine meat inspection diagnosis at Kamirabagenzi was 4%. The overall magnitude of PC for respondents using Free-range production systems (7.9%) was significantly greater than for those in Semi-intensive (2.1%) and Intensive production systems (1.5%) (p < .05). Though most farmers (90%) knew that PC is zoonotic, only 22.5% of the farmers opted for treatment of PC-infected pigs and 52.5% were willing to seek veterinary inspection while the rest (25%) opted to circumvent veterinary inspection (P > .05). Most butchers (70%) indicated they would circumvent veterinary inspection and continue to slaughter PC-positive animals whilst the rest (30%) indicated they would resell PC positive animals to defray costs (P < .05). The low sensitivity and specificity of methods used for PC detection in the study, implies that this may just be the tip of an iceberg and the actual magnitude is most likely to be much higher. In conclusion, PC is endemic in the Nyaruguru district of Rwanda with a high proportion of positive animals. The condition has public health implications and is worsening the economic plight of the impoverished Nyaruguru community.
Foreign body gastrotomy in an adult captive Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
(2017) Sajeni, Shephered; Reisinger, Walter; Mushonga, Borden; Kandiwa, Erick; Habarugira, Gervais
A five year-old, 45kg female captive cheetah presented with inappetence, dehydration and a guarded abdominal stance after suspected ingestion of a rubber sandal 24 hours previously. On examination, the animal had normal temperature, pulse and pressure. Abdominal palpation revealed a flatulent stomach with a compacted mass movable within. Upon admission, plain radiographs confirmed the presence of gaseous distention of the stomach around a radio-dense central mass. Exploratory laparotomy was performed to reveal normal intestines but a distended stomach. Gastrotomy was performed parallel to the greater curvature to expose pieces of a rubber sandal that were in a compacted mass within the stomach. Another rubber piece was removed from the pylorus where it was firmly lodged and impeding flow of gastric contents. Gastric and abdominal closure was successfully performed and two weeks later the animal had recovered and was in good health. Individuals owning/handling captive wild felids or other wild animals need to make sure their habitat is free of foreign objects that can possibly be ingested out of boredom or sheer curiosity. Adequate nutrition for these is also advocated to prevent pica which may also result in animals ingesting otherwise inedible or non-digestible materials.
Imperforate anus in a male Friesian-Holstein calf: Case report and review of literature
(2017) Mushonga, Borden; Nsengimana, Samuel; Samkange, Alaster; Kandiwa, Erick; Habarugira, Gervais
A case of imperforate anus in a 3-day old male Friesian-Holstein calf was presented and treated in Bugesera district, Rwanda. The condition has rarely been reported in Africa. A brief review of the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, surgical and post-surgical management and classification of anorectal malformations (ARM) as they occur in man and domestic animals with emphasis on imperforate anus is hereby presented. We focus on the usage of the terms imperforate anus, atresia ani and make a distinction between these terms and other ARMs. With emphasis placed on the nomenclature of ARMs and the distinction between usage of the terms imperforate anus and atresia ani, we propose that the two terms be viewed as different and standard scientific nomenclature of Type I –IV ARM be used consistently to avoid confusion. If the terms atresia ani and imperforate anus should be used, they must be used correctly and consistently.
Mesenteric tear (Rent), jejunal volvulus, torsion and entrapment in a Kalahari red nanny goat: Post mortem case report and literature review
(2016) Mushonga, Borden; Ntahonshikira, Charles; Habarugira, Gervais
The purpose of this report is to present a post-mortem case report of a fifth parity nanny goat which died from complications associated with a mesenteric rent (tear) of the small intestine. Such lesions have not been reported in the same animal. The cadaver was examined using the standard post-mortem procedure. Results showed that a defect of the mesentery was the initial lesion that was then followed by volvulus, torsion and then entrapment of the jejunum and part of the ileum. Anatomically and physiologically this sequence is plausible and expected more often in intestinal obstructive conditions at necropsy.
Pathological findings of condemned bovine liver specimens andassociated economic loss at Nyabugogo abattoir, Kigali, Rwanda
(2016) Habarugira, Gervais; Mbasinga, Gloria; Mushonga, Borden; Teedzai, Chitura; Kandiwa, Erick; Ojok, Lonzy
There are no published abattoir bovine hepatic lesion prevalence studies in cattle in Rwanda. This studyestimated that 12.3% of the livers (n = 4751) examined at Nyabugogo slaughterhouse in Kigali were con-demned. Condemnation prejudiced the nation of 3492.00 kg of meat with attendant economic losses ofUS$8932.40 during the study period. Risk factors for these lesions were also assessed. Male and femaleanimals from 11 districts were used in this study. Hepatic lesions were higher in females (14.6%; n = 1494)than in males (11.1%; n = 3257). About 78.7% of the condemnations were due to fascioliasis, followed byabscesses (5.7%), hepatitis (5.3%), cirrhosis (4%) and other lesions (6.3%). Female animal livers showedmore fascioliasis and abscesses (82.2% and 9.5%) than male animal livers (73.3% and 3.3%). The high-est rate of condemnation was observed from Kayonza (40.2%; n = 413) and the least was from Gakenkedistrict (0.9%; n = 1031). Cattle from the Eastern Province showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher preva-lence of condemnations (26.8%) than the rest of the provinces. Liver specimens of animals below 3 yearsand above 6 years of age had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) condemnation rate (14.4%) (n = 3000 andn = 769) than the 3–6 year age-group at 4.1% (n = 982). We conclude that fascioliasis was responsible fora significant proportion of the liver condemnations at Nyabugogo slaughterhouse. Being a zoonosis, werecommend an epidemio-surveillance, implementation of control measures and anthelmintic resistanceinvestigation for fascioliasis in Rwanda.
Post mortem report of a Kalahari red doe that died of complications of multifactorial dystocia
(2017) Mushonga, Borden; Chiwome, Bernard; Kandiwa, Erick; Habarugira, Gervais; Samkange, Alaster
A triparous Kalahari Red doe was presented for post-mortem with a sero-sanguinous vulvular discharge and abdominal distension. At necropsy, two foetuses, male and female, about 3.5 kg each were observed. The left lateral abdominal muscles of the doe presented with a tear that corresponded with another tear on the lateral aspect of the left horn of the uterus and showing a partial protrusion of the cranium of a male twin. The male twin was lodged in an incompletely dilated cervix in a caudal longitudinal presentation, dorso-sacral position, and bilateral hip flexion posture. The same twin also presented with a left lateral abdominal wall rupture and herniation of the urinary bladder and intestines. The female twin was in the right uterine horn in a cranial longitudinal presentation, dorso-sacral position, but with bilateral carpal flexure. In brief, the circulatory collapse due to a multifactorial dystocia was the final diagnosis.
Prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and age relationship at post-mortem in Nyagatare slaughterhouse
(2015) Nzeyimana, Pie; Habarugira, Gervais; Udahemuka, Jean Claude; Mushonga, Borden; Tukei, Michael
Bovine cysticercosis caused by the larval stage of the human tapeworm Taenia saginata is a zoonotic disease of great public health significance especially in developing countries. The present study was conducted on 291 slaughtered cattle at Nyagatare slaughterhouse in Eastern Rwanda between December 2013 and April 2014 to determine prevalence of bovine cysticercosis and its associated risk factors. Nine out of the 291 meat carcasses examined at postmortem were found to be infected with the parasite (3%). The infestation rate was higher in adult cattle than young cattle, where the highest prevalence (66.7%) was detected in older cattle 5 years and above followed by the carcasses of middle aged cattle of 3-5 years. The infestation was lowest in carcasses of cattle of young age (2-3 years). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between breeds of slaughtered cattle, where out of 9 infected animals, 5 were from local breed and 4 were from crosses breed. On the other hand, the infestation rate was higher in female than male carcasses, but there is no significant variation was observed between sexes of cattle (p> 0.05). The infestation was mainly found in the heart muscles (35%, n=9), followed by masseter muscles (29.5%, n=9), tongue muscles (29.5%, n=9) and diaphragm muscles (6%, n=9). However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the distribution rates of the cysticerci in the various organs of the cattle slaughtered at the abattoir.
Rupture of the brachiocephalic trunk in A 10 month old Boston terrier bitch at Alberton veterinary clinic Johannesburg: A post-mortem case report
(2017) Mushonga, Borden; Chipako, Rungano B.; Marufu, Munyaradzi C.; Habarugira, Gervais; Mponda, Phanuel; Kandiwa, Erick; Sajeni, Shephered
Introduction: Brachiocephalic artery rupture is a very rare and fatal condition in dogs that is likely to be missed during clinical examination and would normally be diagnosed at post mortem. The aetiology is unknown but is most likely multifactorial and associated with arterial wall degeneration leading to rupture and sudden death due to massive haemorrhage resulting in death from hypovolemic shock. Case Presentation: An intact (unspayed) Boston terrier bitch was admitted into the clinic for sudden onset lethargy. Ante-mortem differential diagnoses which included shocked lung, lung bleeding, diaphragmatic hernia, babesiosis, verminosis and internal bleeding were considered based on history, physical examination, clinical pathology and plain radiography. Conclusions: A definitive diagnosis of fatal brachiocephalic artery rupture was reached at post-mortem examination, performed pro-bono, out of interest with the owner’s permission. Ante-mortem diagnosis of brachiocephalic artery rupture is still an unsolved challenge for the practising veterinarian, notwithstanding the recent advances in diagnostics. Fatal brachiocephalic rupture is a rare condition and only has been reported in dogs twice previously.
Study of incidence of gross urogenital lesions and abnormalities on does slaughtered at Nyagatare slaughterhouse, Eastern Province, Rwanda
(2017) Mushonga, Borden; Twiyizeyimna, Sylvine; Habarugira, Gervais; Kandiwa, Erick; Chinyoka, Simbarashe; Samkange, Alaster; Bishi, Alec S.
Reproductive and urinary tract abnormalities are a cause of infertility, reproductive inefficiency, and economic losses in goats. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence and nature of reproductive and urinary tract abnormalities encountered in female goats slaughtered at Nyagatare abattoir in the Eastern Province of Rwanda. Reproductive and urinary organs from 369 female goat carcasses were opened by incision and then given a thorough macroscopic examination by visually inspecting and palpating for evidence of abnormalities.The results showed that there was an overall occurrence of 7.8% reproductive organ/tract abnormalities and 10.6% urinary organ/tract abnormalities. Ovarian hypoplasia was the reproductive abnormality with the highest overall occurrence (32.3%) and renal calculi were the urinary organ abnormality with the highest occurrence (38.1%). 95.2% of the reproductive organ/tract abnormalities observed usually result in infertility and 91.3% of the urinary organ/tract abnormalities observed result in economic losses through condemnation of kidneys at slaughter. The high incidence of the observed urinary organ/tract abnormalities represents a potential public health challenge. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of reproductive organ/tract abnormalities according to breed (𝑝 > 0.05, 𝑛 = 31). There was also no significant difference in the occurrence of urinary organ abnormalities according to breed (𝑝 > 0.05, 𝑛 = 42).
A three-year prospective study of the incidence of Dystocia in dairy cows in Gatsibo District, Rwanda
(2017) Mushonga, Borden; Tumushime, Jean Claude; Bhebhe, Evison; Kandiwa, Erick; Samkange, Alaster; Habarugira, Gervais
The Rwandan government launched the Girinka ('One Cow Per Poor Family') program in 2006 through the use of Friesian/Holstein bulls and semen to inseminate indigenous, cross-bred and exotic breed dairy cows in a bid to reduce childhood malnutrition and alleviate poverty. Reproductive failure was one of the challenges encountered in this program. The current study was undertaken to determine the factors affecting the incidence of dystocia and postpartum complications in the dairy cows of Gatsibo district over a three year period (2011-2014). Materials and Methods: The breed, method of insemination, parity, sex of calf, postpartum complications and mortalities of calves or dams were recorded for a total of 5611 parturitions from 3007 cows between 2011 and 2014 in the Kiziguro sector of Gatsibo. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Chi-square contingency tables were used in data analysis and p values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: Higher incidence of dystocia (p<0.05) was reported in indigenous (17.31%) than in crossbred (5.47%) and exotic breeds (4.61%). Artificially inseminated cows had a higher incidence of dystocia (16.67%) than those serviced by bulls (4.96%) (p<0.05). In addition, primiparous cows showed a significantly higher dystocia incidence (11.34%) than pluriparous cows (5.95%) (p<0.05). The incidence of dystocia was significantly higher in dams carrying male calves (11.54%) than in those with female calves (6.80%) (p<0.05). Moreover, retained placenta (53.09%) was significantly the most common complication of dystocia in comparison to postpartum bleeding (19.14%) and calf death (20.37%) (p<0.05). Whilst calf death and postpartum bleeding had a significantly higher incidence (p<0.05) than cow death (3.09%) and hind limb paralysis (4.32%). There was, however, no significant difference between the incidence of postpartum bleeding and calf death (p>0.05), nor between cow death incidence and hind limb paralysis (p>0.05). The revenue losses resulting from dystocias encountered in this study amount to US$11 323.08. Conclusion: The study concluded that artificially inseminated primiparous indigenous cattle with male calves had the highest incidence of dystocia, suggesting that the introduction of high quality dairy bulls or semen was counter-productive if indigenous cows were not upgraded. More so, the use of pedigree semen or bulls in indigenous dairy herd improvement programmes in Gatsibo, Rwanda resulted in a significant increase in incidence of dystocia and postpartum complications.

Browsing by Author "Habarugira, Gervais"

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