Abstract:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) are one among the different approaches implemented to curb the spread of HIV infections and minimise the impact on individuals and families. VCT are considered effective strategies in risk reduction among sexually active individuals, hence, the involvement of men in HIV services is critical to ensure the success of such services. Efforts by government and civil society organisations to get more men involved in HIV services in Namibia over the years have yielded little benefits. This research focused on determining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of male adults regarding the use of VCT services in Opuwo District, Kunene Region, in Namibia. Data were collected in Opuwo town, Otuzemba and Katutura locations. The aim was to determine the role played by the male adults’ knowledge, attitudes, or practices in the uptake of HIV testing. The purpose of this research was to appraise the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of VCT and to determine their association with demographic data on HIV uptake of the male adults in Opuwo district. The study employed a descriptive cross section study, method was used to select the respondents from a population which was done from September to November 2019. The simple random sampling of men aged between 15-50 years and above. The sampling formular used was EPI-INFO version 7 with a confidence interval of 95% and a power of 80%, which gave a sample of 113 participants. Data were gathered from 113 participants using a structured questionnaire that was distributed by the researcher and with the help of two people. The theoretical framework that was utilised in this study was the Health Belief Model, which submits the way beliefs guide individual actions and the process that people go through to change their behaviour The study was guided by ethical principles of beneficence, principle of respect for person and principle of justice. The research sought to determine the degree of knowledge regarding attitude and ii consumption of VCT services by male participants. The association between the data of the participants and other variables was tested using a Chi square. The participants in the study were men who had an average age of 30years. While 95.5% of the participants were knowledgeable about HIV/VCT, 60% had a negative attitude towards VCT, and 60% of the participants had never tested for HIV. The fear of positive results, stigma and discrimination, and confidentiality of test results if they were positive was reported as the main barrier for VCT uptake among men. Arguably, if male participation in accessing VCT services is to be enhanced, VCT programme should reduce, HIV stigma and improve access and trust towards VCT in the district. Other possible interventions are the setting up of regular home-based VCT programmes and the mainstreaming of HIV Testing Services in community development programmes. The chi-square test showed that the type of occupation has an influence on the knowledge of HIV. Finally, the study concluded that outreach programmes that target the testing of men should be encouraged or introduced by Community Based Organisations, and the Ministry of Health and Social Services.
