Analysing the emerging trends and patterns of political competition in Namibia’s democratic landscape: Political party systems and political elitism perspectives, 1990-2024
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Date
2025
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Publisher
University of Namibia
Abstract
Critically analysing the emerging trajectories of political party systems and the
concomitant political elitism that has ensued in Namibia constitutes the objective of
this study. In essence, the study analyses the evolving trends and patterns of political
rivalry within Namibia's democratic framework from 1990 to 2024. Namibia, one of
the relatively newest democracies in Africa, has seen significant changes and
developments in its political environment since attaining independence in 1990. To
examine the dynamics of party systems, the impact of regional and ethnic identities,
and the function of elite actors in forming political narratives and public policy, this
study employed a qualitative approach. Important conclusions drawn from this study
illuminate the emergence of opposition parties, the growing fragmentation of the
political landscape, and the enduring political elitism that prevents wider involvement.
Undeniably, these conditions are disingenuous to democratic consolidation in
Namibia.
To unpack the aforementioned dynamics, the study delves deeper into how historical
legacies and socioeconomic considerations impact these dynamics, offering insights
into Namibia's link between political struggle, political systems, and democratic
consolidation. The study found that while the South West Africa People’s Organisation
(SWAPO) has maintained its dominance since independence, new political parties like
the Landless People’s Movement (LPM), the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC),
and the Affirmative Repositioning (AR) have gained some traction, showing shifting
political allegiances. The study also found that political competition in Namibia
presents both opportunities and challenges. Although political competition has resulted
in broader representation and democratic vibrancy, it is characterised by deep-rooted
political elitism, limited internal democracy, and ethnicised voting patterns within
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parties. Additionally, neo-patrimonialism and clientelistic practices have continued to
undermine competitive multiparty politics in Namibia. The study further found that
the emergence of political parties has had different effects on governance and
democratic institutions. Although elections have largely remained peaceful and
constitutional, the dominance of a few elites has weakened institutional accountability,
undermined political participation, and hindered policy responsiveness
Description
A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Studies)
Keywords
Political competition, Democratic framework, Political party systems, Political elitism, Political participation, Community influence, Democratic institutions, Political alliances, Governance, Emerging trends, Neo-patrimonialism, Clientelism, Corruption, Namibia, University of Namibia