Browsing by Author "Smit, Talita C."
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Item Academic literacy: What's in a name?(Namibian Educational Research Association (NERA), 2008) Smit, Talita C.An alarming number of scholars have discussed Southern African students’ low proficiency in academic literacy on entering tertiary institutions. This article will take an in-depth look into the current interpretation of what constitutes academic literacy. It will, furthermore, look at the relationship between critical thinking and autonomy in learning. The changing profile of Namibian university students, their ethnic, social and academic identities and the marked influence this has on designing courses to integrate them into a predominantly Western academic culture will be discussed. The focus will be on the Namibian students’ need for direction and support in developing proficiency in critical literacy. Suggestions on how English for Intellectual Purposes can support courses in English for Academic Purposes will be given. Further research into the specific needs and strengths of first generation students is, however, necessary. In the course of lecturing university students in Namibia, I have increasingly become aware that no matter what method of instruction is followed, students still seem to be bewildered at the end of a semester course in English for Academic Purposes (hereafter EAP), offered as an introduction to their academic studies. Conversations with lecturers from other faculties also indicate that students do not seem to gain much from EAP courses. Otaala (2005) has found that most of those students who participated in a survey indicated that they did not experience lasting gains in academic proficiency even after attending courses to develop literacy skills. On the other hand, there appears to be constant upgrading and redefining of EAP course material in an attempt to satisfy the students’ academic needs. Artificially loading courses and extending their duration, however, seem to be contra-productive. An innovative approach towards academic literacy is needed if students should derive lasting benefits; however, some of the qualities in the successful student profile, such as the development of critical thinking skills and self-reliance, defy easy reduction to attainable course goals and would be difficult to quantify within an assessed syllabus. This is not to say that such a syllabus cannot be divised, but only that it might not be possible to subject it to the same constraints and objectives (Sowden, 2003) set for existing EAP courses. Language courses which aim to promote learner autonomy need to incorporate means of transferring responsibility for aspects of the language that the learners process (such as setting goals, setting learning strategies and evaluating progress) from the teacher to the learner (Cotterall, 2000). However, before an informed solution to the current dilemma in EAP skills teaching can be suggested, it is necessary to consider the term literacy in depth.Item Conventional and novel/creative metaphors: Do differing cultural environments affect parsing in a second language?(University of Namibia, 2012) Smit, Talita C.Metaphors can be regarded as systemic interrelations of multiple experiences which map one relatively stable domain to another. A number of cognitive linguists, such as KOvecses (2005) and Lakoff (2006), suggest that much metaphorical thinking arises from recurring patterns of physical experiences and sensori-motor interactions with the physical world. Gibbs (1999, p. 152) furthermore states that "people clearly a/so learn conceptual metaphors from their experiences with language." Research findings indicate that the default interpretations by First Language speakers were octuol/y the idiomCltic understandings, not the literal ones. The question could be asked whether this would be the case with Second Language speakers when drawing inferences from metaphorical expressions used by first language speakers, and specifically in the case of novel/creative metaphorical expressions.I assumed that this process might pose difficulties for ESl readers from an African environment when reading a business article in English which contained a fair amount of metaphorical expressions. I looked at both conventional metaphors and novel(creative metaphors. These were the metaphors with a source domain that presupposed meta-knowledge of the British English cultural environment. I also included in the research instrument a few orientational metaphors that were used in the business artcle. The findings of this study indicate concurrence with Gibbs (1999, cited in Yu zoog) that "{c]ultura/ models 'in shaping what people believe, how they act, and how they speak about the world and their own experiences' set up specific perspectives from which aspects of 'embodied experiences are viewed as particularly salient and meaningful in people's lives. ... In short, 'social and cultural constructions of experience fundamentaJ/y shape embodied metaphor."'Item First-generation entry into higher education: Namibia's future(University of Namibia, 2013) Smit, Talita C.With the changing political and socio-economical profile of previously disadvantaged Namibians, school leavers, as well as adults, increasingly decide to invest in Higher Education for an improved future. Students who come from homes where the responsible older generation was deprived of opportunities to enrol in education facilities are pioneering and positioning the world of academia for themselves. In their quest for education, they are at the same time paving the way for improved education for future generations. In a study conducted with First-Generation entrants at the University of Namibia it became clear that their general profile differs from that of First-Generation entrants in developed countries and their strengths and needs cannot be underscored by literature from developed countries. Further research into First-Generation entry into Higher Education in the African context will provide a clearer picture of the phenomenon and will allow educators to support the strengths that these entrants bring along to the tertiary institution of their choice.Item Language identity of first-generation students entering higher education in Namibia and its impact on learning(Namibian Educational Research Association (NERA), 2011) Smit, Talita C.In Namibia, the accent of Higher Education is increasingly moving towards the provision of access opportunities to previously disadvantaged students. Most students, currently entering Higher Education at the University of Namibia, are First-Generation students whose parents did not participate in tertiary education. First-Generation entry has been investigated to some extent in First World countries; however, there does not appear to be relevant research done on First-Generation entrants in the Namibian context. Although experience indicates that the general profile of Namibian First-Generation entrants corresponds with those studied internationally, there are marked differences in their demographic identities. It is thus necessary to look at a group of First-Generation students at the University of Namibia who have achieved the prescribed entry requirements to enter Higher Education, but whose low marks in English Second Language disqualify them from entering degree programmes. Their lack of academic English skills is often regarded as their only problem and hardly any effort is made to investigate their personal strengths or to assist them with developing critical literacy skills. This article will discuss the language identity of these First-Generation entrants as English Second Language speakers and the impact it has on the acquisition of those academic and critical thinking skills necessary for successful tertiary study.Item Literary perspectives of healing practices and approaches to medicine in Chinodya’s Strife(University of Namibia, 2016) Kandemiri, Coletta M.; Smit, Talita C.This paper focuses on the dilemma in which some African societies are finding themselves, as the western approach to healing is applied as if all cultural groups are homogenous throughout. This western approach is usually applied with the intention of replacing the existing indigenous healing systems that are already in place and are functional. African cultural groups, like any other cultural groups around the world, have their own approaches to diagnosis and curing of diseases. However, it appears that western approaches are overriding the African approaches, and thereby engendering problems among some of the African cultural groups whose indigenous healing systems are rooted in the spiritual world. In Africa, there are spiritual problems that require spiritual remedies hence; a western approach applied to a spiritual problem could culminate in fatality. At times, the mixing of both African and western approaches may not yield positive and visible results. Strife exposes the dilemma resulting from applying western approaches in an African cultural group and the likely out-come of such a predicament. This paper adopted the African World View Theory as the sub-theory, since the primary text, Strife, is from Africa and written from an Afrocentric perspective, by an African author. Furthermore, the article looks at differing belief systems, herbalism and the role of spiritual mediums. It was found that often a duality in the approaches to healing exists, as illustrated by the characteristics of Dunge and Hilda Dolly.Item Namibian learners' perceptions regarding English second language writing activities(University of Namibia, 2017) Nandu, Patricia K.; Mostert, Louise; Smit, Talita C.Namibian learners exhibit low performance in English creative writing. This might be attributed partly to learners’ attitudes towards the English writing activities as prescribed by the school curriculum. This paper investigated Grade 11 learners’ perceptions of English Second Language (ESL) writing activities at selected schools in Windhoek, Namibia. The study employed a mixed-method design that involved a survey. Purposeful sampling was used to select three schools on the basis of learners’ performance in ESL writing. A total of 286 learners participated in the study. Quantitative data were collected via questionnaires and qualitative date via open-ended questions in the questionnaire and focus group discussions. Findings revealed, amongst others, that learners had both negative and positive attitudes towards ESL writing. When compared, a larger number of learners felt that writing activities were easy; fewer learners regarded them as difficult. The research also revealed differences in how learners enjoyed and regarded the usefulness of the ESL writing activities. Chi-square results in relation to sex demonstrated that in most cases, the differences between boys and girls were not statistically significant. However, a clear difference was found be-tween boys and girls with regard to the writing of diaries. Chi-square analyses done on the schools’ performance level in relation to perceptions of ESL writing activities yielded clear and statistically significant differences between the three schools.Item Recycling errors in the language classroom(University of Namibia, 2015) Lumbu, Simon D.; Smit, Talita C.; Hamunyela, Miriam N.This paper relates to the findings of a study on the constraints encountered by teachers in teaching English as a Second Language (ESL) in rural combined schools in the Oshana region. Errors and mistakes are as some the major constraints that teachers encounter in language teaching. While mistakes are usually at the surface of the speaker’s language awareness, errors are usually more internal. Many factors such as L1 interference can account for the occurrence of errors in a learner’s language use. It is argued that a consistent reinforcement of errors results in error fossilization. Even though Proponents of the Communicative Language Teaching approach have emphasised the significance of errors and mistakes in the language teaching and learning process, the role of teachers in the cycle of errors in the language classroom has been over-looked.Item Views and preferences of parents, teachers and principals on the implementation of the language policy in primary schools in Namibia(University of Namibia, 2012) Mostert, Louise; Hamunyela, Miriam N.; Kasanda, Choshi D.; Smit, Talita C.; Kangira, Jairos; Zimba, Roderick F.; Hengari, Job U.; Veii, Kazuvire R.The language policy of schools in Namibia states that from grade 1 to grade 3, learners should receive education in their mother tongues. The mother tongue becomes a subject from grade 4 onwards while English takes over as the medium of instruction. This paper presents the views of parents, teachers and principals and parents on how this policy is implemented in three schools studied in the Khomas region. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews from one urban school, one peri-urban school and one rural school. The fi ndings of the study refl ect diff erent language preferences between parents and teachers, the latter favouring English and the former advocating the mother tongue as