Research Articles (SSD)

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Overview and analysis of socio-economic and fisheries information to promote the management of artisanal fisheries in the BCLME region - Angola
(2005) Shapi, Martin K.
This report is part of a suite of reports that describe the fishing activities and socio-economic conditions pertaining to artisanal and informal fishing sectors along the coastal component of the Benguela Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). This report relates particularly to the Angolan artisanal fisheries sector. The Republic of Angola is the northern most of the BCLME countries and mainly the southern part of the country is directly affected by the Benguela current, although high levels of productivity are maintained along the entire coastline in response to oceanographic events related to the presence of the current and its interaction with the warm Angola current. Industrial and artisanal fishing activities take place along the entire length of the 1 650 km coastline
Income poverty and inequality in Namibia
(2007) Van Rooy, Gert
In this paper a national income poverty line for Namibia is derived based on estimated expenditures required to sustain a minimum calorific intake (food poverty line) as well as other basic necessities such as clothing and shelter (non-food poverty line). Estimates are based on actual consumption patterns of the poorest as recorded by the Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey conducted in 1993/94. This method is preferred over the previously applied food-share method. The overall poverty line is estimated at N$107 per capita per month in 1993/94 prices or approximately N$212 per capita per month in 2003 prices. According to this definition 53% of households and 65% of individuals in Namibia live below the income poverty line at the time of the survey. The analysis confirms tremendous inequalities in the way income and poverty is distributed. The poorest 20% of the population receives 2.5% of total expenditure, while the top 20% receives 71%. The standard measure of inequality, the Gini-coefficient, is estimated to be 0.697, which is probably the highest in the world. The methods and analysis presented in the paper should serve as a bench-mark for the analysis of the ongoing 2003/04 income and expenditure survey in particular and as a key tool for designing, implementing and monitoring policies that can effectively combat income poverty and inequality in Namibia in line with Vision 2030 and the Millennium Development Goals.
Contraceptive choice and use of methods among young women in Namibia
(2008) Indongo, Nelago
The present study analyses the factors affecting contraceptive use and method choice among young women (15-24 years) in Namibia. It also explores ways to improve the accessibility of health facilities and family planning services for young Namibian women with reproductive health needs. The study draws on largely quantitative data provided by the 2000 Namibian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) but also includes vignettes from focus group discussions with young women. The logistic regression method has been applied to examine the determinants of contraceptive use and method choice. The study examines the level of knowledge of contraceptive methods and sources of supply, decisions leading to contraceptive use and choice as well as service delivery and the accessibility of contraception to potential users. The findings suggest that programmatic strategies should seek to improve parent-child communication, strengthen educational outlets of information, and lead to the implementation of effective policy to cater for a potentially growing number of young contraception-users in Namibia.
Understanding the perpetrators of violent crimes against women and girls in Namibia
(2008) Van Rooy, Gert
Understanding the perpetrators of violent crimes against women and girls in Namibia
ICT barriers for people with disabilities in Namibia: Evidence from the 2011 Namibia population and housing census
(2011) Indongo, Nelago; Mufune, Pempelani
Computer technology and the Internet have a tremendous potential to increase the independence of people with disabilities. We investigated the extent to which people with disabilities access information communication technologies (ICT) (focusing on access to computers, internet and mobile phone) and how their ICT access compares with the ICT access of the rest of the Namibian population. More specifically, we investigated factors that affect people with disabilities ICT access in Namibia. The study relied on the 2011 Namibia Population and Housing Census as the main data source for analysis. The results showed people with disabilities are disadvantaged in ICT access. The study reveals that education level, work status, age and place of residence are important factors associated with ICT access among people with disabilities. Results also show that there is less disparity between employed and unemployed individuals with disabilities than without disabilities. Additionally, the results show that those classified as “blind”, “autistic”, “hearing difficulties” and “mentally disabled” fair worse than people with other disabilities in computer, internet and/or cell phone access. There is a need to consider unique issues affecting ICT access for people living with disabilities to achieve Namibia’s goal of equitable access for all as envisioned in its Vision 2030.
Incidence of HIV in Windhoek, Namibia: Demographic and socio-economic associations
(2011) Aulagnier, Mariele; Janssens, Wendy; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Van Rooy, Gert; Gaeb, Esegiel; Hesp, Cees; Van der Gaag, Jacques; Tobias, Rinke
OBJECTIVE: To estimate HIV incidence and prevalence in Windhoek, Namibia and to analyze socio-economic factors related to HIV infection. METHOD: In 2006/7, baseline surveys were performed with 1,753 private households living in the greater Windhoek area; follow-up visits took place in 2008 and 2009. Face-to-face socio-economic questionnaires were administrated by trained interviewers; biomedical markers were collected by nurses; GPS codes of household residences were recorded. RESULTS: The HIV prevalence in the population (aged.12 years) was 11.8% in 2006/7 and 14.6% in 2009. HIV incidence between 2007 and 2009 was 2.4 per 100 person year (95%CI = 1.9–2.9). HIV incidence and prevalence were higher in female populations. HIV incidence appeared non-associated with any socioeconomic factor, indicating universal risk for the population. For women a positive trend was found between low per-capita consumption and HIV acquisition. A HIV knowledge score was strongly associated with HIV incidence for both men and women. High HIV prevalence and incidence was concentrated in the north-western part of the city, an area with lower HIV knowledge, higher HIV risk perception and lower per-capita consumption. DISCUSSION: The HIV incidence and prevalence figures do not suggest a declining epidemic in Windhoek. Higher vulnerability of women is recorded, most likely related to economic dependency and increasing transactional sex in Namibia. The lack of relation between HIV incidence and socio-economic factors confirms HIV risks for the overall urban community. Appropriate knowledge is strongly associated to lower HIV incidence and prevalence, underscoring the importance of continuous information and education activities for prevention of infection. Geographical areas were identified that would require prioritized HIV campaigning.
Living conditions among people with disabilities in developing countries
(Bristol University Press, 2011) Eide, Arne H.
Living conditions and poverty are two common quantifiers or parameters of socioeconomic status and both have evolved from rather narrow economic and material concepts to encompass broader and more complex understandings. studies on living conditions have evolved to include individuals’ capabilities and how they utilise their capabilities.
University students and HIV in Namibia: An HIV prevalence survey and a knowledge and attitude survey
(2012) De Beer, Ingrid H.; Gelderblom, Huub C.; Schellekens, Onno; Gaeb, Esegiel; Van Rooy, Gert; McNally, Alta; Wit, Ferdinand W.; Tobias, Rinke;
BACKGROUND: With an overall adult HIV prevalence of 15.3%, Namibia is facing one of the largest HIV epidemics in Africa. Young people aged 20 to 34 years constitute one of the groups at highest risk of HIV infection in Namibia. However, little is known about the impact of HIV on this group and its access to healthcare. The purpose of this study was to estimate HIV prevalence, to assess the knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, and to assess access to healthcare among university students in Namibia. METHODS: We assessed HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes, HIV prevalence and access to healthcare among students at the Polytechnic of Namibia and the University of Namibia. HIV prevalence was tested through anonymous oral fluid-based tests. RESULTS: Half (n = 2790/5568) of the university students and 45% (n = 2807/6302) of the Polytechnic students participated in the knowledge and attitudes surveys. HIV/AIDS knowledge was reasonable, except for misperceptions about transmission. Awareness of one’s own HIV status and risks was low. In all, 55% (n = 3055/ 5568) of university students and 58% (n = 3680/6302) of Polytechnic students participated in the HIV prevalence survey; 54 (1.8%) university students and 103 (2.8%) Polytechnic students tested HIV positive. Campus clinics were not the major providers of healthcare to the students. CONCLUSIONS: Meaningful strategies addressing the gap between knowledge, attitude and young people’s perception of risk of HIV acquisition should be implemented. HIV prevalence among Namibian university students appears relatively low. Voluntary counselling and testing should be stimulated. Efforts should be made to increase access to healthcare through the campus clinics.
Core concepts of human rights and inclusion of vulnerable groups in the disability and rehabilitation policies of Malawi, Namibia, Sudan and South Africa
(Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 2012) Van Rooy, Gert
In recent decades, there has been a push to incorporate the World Health Organization “Health for All” principles in national, regional, and local health policy documents. However, there is still no methodology guiding the appraisal of such policies with regard to the extent that they address social inclusion. In this article, the authors report on the development of EquiFrame, a novel policy analysis framework that was used to evaluate the disability and rehabilitation policies of Malawi, Namibia, Sudan, and South Africa. The policies were assessed in terms of their commitment to 21 predefined core concepts of human rights and inclusion of 12 vulnerable groups. Substantial variability was identified in the degree to which the core concepts and vulnerable groups were featured in these policy documents. The overall summary rankings for the disability policies of the countries studied were as follows: Namibia–High, Malawi–Low, and Sudan–Low. The rehabilitation policy of South Africa was ranked as Low. The results support the idea that adequate disability and rehabilitation policies remain mostly undefined. EquiFrame may offer a useful methodology for evaluating and comparing human rights and social inclusion across policy documents.
Core concepts of human rights and inclusion of vulnerable groups in the Namibian policy on Orthopaedic technical services
(2012) Van Rooy, Gert; Amadhila, Elina; Mannan, Hasheem; McVeigh, Joanne; MacLachlan, Malcolm; Amin, Mutamad
Purpose: Despite a highly progressive legislation and clear governmental commitment, living conditions among persons with disabilities in Namibia are systematically lower than among persons without disabilities. This implies that persons with disabilities are denied equal opportunities to participate and contribute to society, and consequently are denied their human rights. Methods: EquiFrame, an innovative policy analysis framework, was used to analyse Namibian Policy on Orthopaedic Technical Services. EquiFrame evaluates the degree of stated commitment of an existing health policy to 21 Core Concepts of human rights and to 12 Vulnerable Groups, guided by the ethos of universal, equitable and accessible health services. Results: A number of Core Concepts of human rights and Vulnerable Groups were found to be absent in the Namibian Policy on Orthopaedic Technical Services, and its Overall Summary Ranking was assessed as Moderate. Conclusion and Implications: The Namibian health sector faces significant challenges in addressing inequities with respect to its policy on Orthopaedic Technical Services. If policy content, or policy ‘on the books’, is not inclusive of vulnerable groups and observant of core concepts of human rights, then health practices are also unlikely to do so. This paper illustrates that EquiFrame can provide the strategic guidance for the reform of Namibian Orthopaedic Technical Services policy, leading to universal and equitable access to healthcare.
Determinants of fertility in Namibia
(2012) Indongo, Nelago; Pazvakawambwa, Lillian
In-depth studies on fertility in Namibia have been lacking so far. This examines the fertility trends in Namibia over the past 2 decades and examines fertility differentials across the various sub-groups of Namibia population, and factors affecting such differentials using NDHS data. Estimates of the amount of variance in the total number of children ever born that could be explained by each of the independent variables were made using multiple regression analysis for the three data sources. Overall, results from descriptive analysis show that fertility levels in Namibia have been decreasing over the past two decades. The decrease could be associated with an increased trend in the prevalence of use of modern contraceptives which doubled since 1992. Age at first birth has remained constant but age at first marriage continues to increase. As a result, postponement of marriage increases the probability that women remain childless or that they have fewer children than desired. Replacement level is projected to be attained much faster than expected and the study recommend for further research that focuses on policy implications of family planning programmes once replacement level has been achieved to maintain it.
Inclusion and human rights in health policies: Comparative and bench-marking analysis of 51 policies from Malawi, Sudan, South Africa and Namibia
(2012) MacLachlan, Malcolm; Amin, Mutamad; Mannan, Hasheem; ElTayeb, Shahla; Bedri, Nafisa; Swartz, Leslie; Munthali, Alister; Van Rooy, Gert; McVeigh, Joanne
While many health services strive to be equitable, accessible and inclusive, peoples’ right to health often goes unrealized, particularly among vulnerable groups. The extent to which health policies explicitly seek to achieve such goals sets the policy context in which services are delivered and evaluated. An analytical framework was developed – EquiFrame – to evaluate 1) the extent to which 21 Core Concepts of human rights were addressed in policy documents, and 2) coverage of 12 Vulnerable Groups who might benefit from such policies. Using this framework, analysis of 51 policies across Malawi, Namibia, South Africa and Sudan, confirmed the relevance of all Core Concepts and Vulnerable Groups. Further, our analysis highlighted some very strong policies, serious shortcomings in others as well as country-specific patterns. If social inclusion and human rights do not underpin policy formation, it is unlikely they will be inculcated in service delivery. EquiFrame facilitates policy analysis and benchmarking, and provides a means for evaluating policy revision and development.
Hypertension in sub-saharan Africa: cross-sectional surveys in four rural and urban communities
(2012) Hendriks, Marleen E.; Wit, F.W.; Roos, Marijke T.; Brewster, Lizzy M.; Akande, Tanimola M.; De Beer, Ingrid H.; Mfinanga, Sayoki G.; Kahwa, A.M.; Gatongi, Peter; Van Rooy, Gert; Janssens, Wendy; Lammers, Judith; Kramer, Berber; Bonfrer, Igna; Gaeb, Esegiel; Van der Gaag, Jacques; Wit, T.F.; Lange, Joep M.; Schultsz, C.
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of adult mortality in low-income countries but data on the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension are scarce, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aims to assess the prevalence of hypertension and determinants of blood pressure in four SSA populations in rural Nigeria and Kenya, and urban Namibia and Tanzania. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed four cross-sectional household surveys in Kwara State, Nigeria; Nandi district, Kenya; Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Greater Windhoek, Namibia, between 2009–2011. Representative population-based samples were drawn in Nigeria and Namibia. The Kenya and Tanzania study populations consisted of specific target groups. Within a final sample size of 5,500 households, 9,857 non-pregnant adults were eligible for analysis on hypertension. Of those, 7,568 respondents $18 years were included. The primary outcome measure was the prevalence of hypertension in each of the populations under study. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension was 19.3% (95%CI:17.3–21.3) in rural Nigeria, 21.4% (19.8–23.0) in rural Kenya, 23.7% (21.3–26.2) in urban Tanzania, and 38.0% (35.9–40.1) in urban Namibia. In individuals with hypertension, the proportion of grade 2 ($160/100 mmHg) or grade 3 hypertension ($180/110 mmHg) ranged from 29.2% (Namibia) to 43.3% (Nigeria). Control of hypertension ranged from 2.6% in Kenya to 17.8% in Namibia. Obesity prevalence (BMI $30) ranged from 6.1% (Nigeria) to 17.4% (Tanzania) and together with age and gender, BMI independently predicted blood pressure level in all study populations. Diabetes prevalence ranged from 2.1% (Namibia) to 3.7% (Tanzania). CONCLUSION: Hypertension was the most frequently observed risk factor for CVD in both urban and rural communities in SSA and will contribute to the growing burden of CVD in SSA. Low levels of control of hypertension are alarming. Strengthening of health care systems in SSA to contain the emerging epidemic of CVD is urgently needed.
Non-utilization of sexual and reproductive health services and products in Namibia: An evaluation of men perspective
(2012) Indongo, Nelago; Neema, Isak
The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of Namibian men who do not use sexual and reproductive health services and products and investigate factors that influence non-use of these services and products. The study makes use of the data from the 2006-07 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey. A subset of 3373 sexual experience men was analyzed. Odds ratios, with 95% confidence interval using binary logistic regression were calculated to detect level of significance. Overall, the results show that sexually active men in Namibia engage in risky sexual behaviors. A high proportion of sexually active men do not also use sexual and reproductive health services which are available in the country. Only 36.6 percent reported that they had taken an HIV test. Non-use of condom at last intercourse and never gone for HIV test were associated with inaccessibility to family planning messages, inadequate knowledge of awareness campaigns on condom use and HIV prevention, inappropriate sexual behavior including having multiple sexual partners and casual relationships as well as socio-demographic characteristics of respondents (age, education level and marital status). The study concludes that, there is a need to mobilize and sensitize men on the availability and existence of sexual and reproductive health services and products as well as to encourage and support developments of intervention and sexual behavioral change initiatives targeting men. Qualitative methods to enhance understanding of the process surrounding the decision to go for HIV test and of the effect of stigma on testing behavior should be further explored. Male involvement in programs of sexual and reproductive health nature in Namibia should be revived and strengthening condom distribution system in rural areas would also go a long way to address the non-use of condoms among men in Namibia
Explaining marital patterns and trends in Namibia: A regression analysis of 1992, 2000 and 2006 demographic and survey data
(2013) Pazvakawambwa, Lillian; Indongo, Nelago; Kazembe, Lawrence N.
BACKGROUND: Marriage is a significant event in life-course of individuals, and creates a system that characterizes societal and economic structures. Marital patterns and dynamics over the years have changed a lot, with decreasing proportions of marriage, increased levels of divorce and co-habitation in developing countries. Although, such changes have been reported in African societies including Namibia, they have largely remained unexplained. OBJECTIVES and METHODS: In this paper, we examined trends and patterns of marital status of women of marriageable age: 15 to 49 years, in Namibia using the 1992, 2000 and 2006 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data. Trends were established for selected demographic variables. Two binary logistic regression models for ever-married versus never married, and cohabitation versus married were fitted to establish factors associated with such nuptial systems. Further a multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted for bio-demographic and socio-economic variables, were fitted separately for each year, to establish determinants of type of union (never married, married and cohabitation). RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate a general change away from marriage, with a shift in singulate mean age at marriage. Cohabitation was prevalent among those less than 30 years of age, the odds were higher in urban areas and increased since 1992. Be as it may marriage remained a persistent nuptiality pattern, and common among the less educated and employed, but lower odds in urban areas. Results from multinomial model suggest that marital status was associated with age at marriage, total children born, region, place of residence, education level and religion. We conclude that marital patterns have undergone significant transformation over the past two decades in Namibia, with a coexistence of traditional marriage framework with co-habitation, and sizeable proportion remaining unmarried to the late 30s. A shift in the singulate mean age is becoming distinctive in the Namibian society.
Disaster risk reduction in the Omusati and Oshana regions of Namibia
(2013) Amadhila, Elina; Shaamhula, Loide; Van Rooy, Gert; Siyambango, Nguza
Namibia often experiences heavy rains in the north and north-eastern parts of the country, which results in severe flooding. For this reason, the country has endorsed the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) which seeks to develop the resilience of nations and communities to disasters and to assist countries to move away from the approach of emergency response to one of integrated disaster risk reduction. The aim of this article is to assess the resilience of the communities within the identified regions. A quantitative questionnaire was designed to assess people at risk of disaster related impacts. The questionnaire used 20 indicators to measure the level of progress at local level and how local governance plays a role in the mitigation and management of disasters. Analysis of data was done on a limited number of descriptors such as age, gender and local governance involvement, amongst others. There was generally a very high perception of threat (38%) in the study regions. Women perceived threat more accurately (mean = 4.09) than men. The community perceived threat more accurately than local government and civil society (mean = 4.08).
Core concepts of human rights and inclusion of vulnerable groups in the mental health policies of Malawi, Namibia, and Sudan
(2013) Mannan, Hasheem; ElTayeb, Shahla; MacLachlan, Malcolm; Amin, Mutamad; McVeigh, Joanne; Munthali, Alister; Van Rooy, Gert
BACKGROUND: One of the most crucial steps towards delivering judicious and comprehensive mental health care is the formulation of a policy and plan that will navigate mental health systems. For policy-makers, the challenges of a high-quality mental health system are considerable: the provision of mental health services to all who need them, in an equitable way, in a mode that promotes human rights and health outcomes. METHOD: EquiFrame, a novel policy analysis framework, was used to evaluate the mental health policies of Malawi, Namibia, and Sudan. The health policies were assessed in terms of their coverage of 21 predefined Core Concepts of human rights (Core Concept Coverage), their stated quality of commitment to said Core Concepts (Core Concept Quality), and their inclusion of 12 Vulnerable Groups (Vulnerable Group Coverage). In relation to these summary indices, each policy was also assigned an Overall Summary Ranking, in terms of it being of High, Moderate, or Low quality. RESULTS: Substantial variability was identified across EquiFrame’s summary indices for the mental health policies of Malawi, Namibia, and Sudan. However, all three mental health policies scored high on Core Concept Coverage. Particularly noteworthy was the Sudanese policy, which scored 86% on Core Concept Coverage, and 92% on Vulnerable Group Coverage. Particular deficits were evident in the Malawian mental health policy, which scored 33% on Vulnerable Group Coverage and 47% on Core Concept Quality, and was assigned an Overall Summary Ranking of Low accordingly. The Overall Summary Ranking for the Namibian Mental Health Policy was High; for the Sudanese Mental Health Policy was Moderate; and for the Malawian Mental Health Policy was Low. CONCLUSIONS: If human rights and equity underpin policy formation, it is more likely that they will be inculcated in health service delivery. EquiFrame may provide a novel and valuable tool for mental health policy analysis in relation to core concepts of human rights and inclusion of vulnerable groups, a key practical step in the successful realization of the Millennium Development Goals.
Risk factors and causes of Neonatal deaths in Namibia
(2014) Indongo, Nelago
Objectives To identify the common causes and risk factors of neonatal deaths in facilities in five regions in Namibia. Methods This descriptive study was carried out atall health facilities providingmaternity care services in the five regions, A total of 498 neonatal deaths recorded in each of the facilities during the period under study January 1, 2010–June 30, 2012 were reviewed. These deaths were evaluated for age, gestational age, birth weight, risk factors and cause of death. Results About 46.4% of neonates who died had a birth weight less than 1500g and most of them had a gestational age of 26-32 weeks (45.2%). The most common cause of neonatal death was prematurity (n=270 or 54). Respiratory distress syndrome (n=131), birth asphyxia (n=88), sepsis (n=86), and congenital malformations (n=50) were also prevalent causes of neonatal deaths. The third type of delay (delay in receiving care) was perceived to be common (47.8%) for neonatal death cases, reinforcing the fact that two-thirds of neonatal deaths occurred at the hospital where the woman laboured and delivered.The most common reason given for the delay was a lack of facilities (including medications and supplies) to care for premature neonates, lack of trained and available providers. Other causes of the third type of delay noted were delays transferring neonates to higher-level facilities and delays in making the decision to perform a Caesarean section during prolonged labour. Overall, 102 (23.1%) of neonatal deaths for whom maternal HIV status was indicated were born to HIVpositive mothers. Fifty-nine (11.8%) of these mothers were on full HAART during pregnancy; 31 (6.2%) mothers were on ARV prophylaxis and 62 (12.4%) neonates born to HIV-positive women received early ARV prophylaxis. Conclusion The mortality rate was high inlow birth weight neonates. Measures to prevent neonatal mortality must be exercised with emphasis on skilled attendance at birth and appropriate care of low birth weight neonates.
Experiences and perceptions of HIV/AIDS and sex among people with disabilities in Windhoek, Namibia
(Springer, 2014) Van Rooy, Gert
The aim of this study was to investigate the experiences of people with disabilities (PWD) with regard to issues of sexuality and HIV/AIDS. More specifically, we investigate how PWD perceive social and sexual relationships, how they experience sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care including HIV/AIDS. This study relied on key informant (5) interviews and focused group interviews (FGDs). The three FGDs consisted of midlevel to senior officials (5), females with disabilities (5) and a mixed group of males and females with disabilities (12). The study supports the view that PWD experience differential treatment within extended families. The public has negative attitudes towards PWD who engage in sex in general and female PWD who fall pregnant particularly. It largely supports the literature that PWD are at great risk of physical and sexual abuse and are often denied reproductive rights. It points to the difficulties PWD find with HIV/AIDS education as a lot of the materials is not written in Braille or otherwise fail to take into account the different disabilities. People with disability also face problems accessing reproductive health services because of the negative attitudes of healthcare providers. There is a need for the government and society to focus on the SRH of PWD if the fight against HIV/AIDS is to succeed. There is also need to focus on PWD in the context of sexuality if the inalienable human rights and freedoms of all its citizens including PWD is to be realized.
Factors affecting safe sex practices among first year students at the University of Namibia: A health belief model perspective
(2014) Van Rooy, Gert; Mufune, Pempelani; Indongo, Nelago; Matengu, Keneth K.; Libuku, Erica; Schier, Christa
The aim of the study was to investigate the level of awareness of condom usage among first year’s students at the University of Namibia. Data was collected among 578 students within the various disciplines of the university through self-administered questionnaires that tested their knowledge, attitude and beliefs regarding HIV and AIDS. Research assistants were at hand clarifying ambiguities during the completion of the questionnaire. To ensure a good response rate, the researcher arranged with lecturers for students to complete questionnaires during lecture periods. A multi-stage sampling technique was used - in the first instances the number of campuses were purposefully recorded and stratified in accordance with the subjects offered and then students were randomly selected from the various faculties. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21. Results indicate that 80.1 % of the students are using condoms with their partner (s) while 76.3% used a condom during the past 12 month’s preceding the survey.

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