Research Articles (CHNS)

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Male involvement in reproductive health: A management perspective
(2012) Jooste, Karen; Amukugo, Hans J.
Aims The present study outlines the perceptions of participants on male involvement in reproductive health (RH) from a management perspective. Background Namibia is one of the African countries affected by cultural and socio-economic influences that have persuaded gender roles in a way that hinders male-partner involvement in RH. Method A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive design was followed. The target population included all male and female partners attending a health facility and all nurse managers (registered nurses in charge) that provided RH services in the health facility in a northern region in Namibia. Individual interviews were conducted until data saturation occurred. Results The results indicate that the management principles, policy and legislation, as well as resources to facilitate male involvement in RH, were indicated as barriers for nurse managers to facilitate male involvement. Conclusion Male involvement in RH care is needed for an interpersonal and interactive partnership.
Perceptions of student nurses regarding the delivery of quality nursing care in katutura health centre, Windhoek and khomas region
(2015) Amukugo, Hans J.; Mathew, Aino
The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the perceptions of nursing students regarding the delivery of quality nursing care in Katutuura Health Centre, Windhoek, and Khomas Region. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research designs were used in this study. An individual interview was conducted on ten (10) 4th year nursing students at UNAM main campus with regard to the delivery of quality nursing care. The data showed that most students expressed shortage of staff, high number of patient attendance, insufficient equipment and insufficient time as factors that affect the delivery of quality nursing care. Possible interventions regarding resource management should be put into consideration, where extra nursing staffs needed to be trained and distributed among hospitals and clinics in Namibia.
Development of model to facilitate male involvement in the reproductive health context by the registered nurses
(2015) Amukugo, Hans J.; Jooste, Karen; Mitonga, Kabwebwe H.
The purpose of this article is to describe the process followed in the development of the model of facilitating male partner involvement in reproductive health (RH) context by the nurses. Namibia is one of the African countries affected by cultural and socio-economic influences that have persuaded gender roles in a way that hinders male-partner involvement in RH context. This phenomenon make difficult for the nurses to facilitate their involvement. The research methods were done in four phases. Phase 1 entitled concepts analysis. Phase one was done into two steps namely step1 - concepts identification and step 2 - concepts definition. During concept identification, qualitative, exploratory, descriptive design was followed. The target population included male and female partners attending health facilities and all nurse managers (registered nurses in charge) that provided RH services in the health facility in a northern region in Namibia. Individual interviews and focus were conducted until data saturation occurred. During the research three fundamental principles such as respect person, beneficence and justice were adhered. Tech’s eight steps of descriptive data analysis were used. Three (3) main categories, six (6) categories and twelve (12) subcategories were identified using open coding and conceptualization. The main concepts of the model were identified and classified using a survey list of Dickoff, James, Wiedenba (Dickoff,James, Wiedenbach, 1968; Mckenna, 2006). Phase 2 dealt with the creation of interrelationship statements between concepts identified in step 1. In phase 3 focuses with the description of the model using strategies proposed by (Chinn & Kramer, 1991). In phase 4, the description of guidelines and evaluation for the model was also done. The applied the principle of trustworthiness through developing dependability, credibility, transferability and confirmability in all four phases. A model was developed based on a theory generated approach. The model consist of five phase namely, situational analysis in the external environment (community) and internal environment (health facilities); establishment of partnership (male and female partner and Nurses), management process, maintaining the conducive environment and control & terminus/ outcome phase. It was concluded that facilitation of Male involvement in RH care context is needed. Further the recommendations were made to implement a model within the current health care framework in which reproductive health is provided.
The link between routine diet, attention span and scholastic performance among grade 2 scholars in circuit one in Khomas Region, Namibia
(2015) Tjituri, Elsie; Amukugo, Hans J.; Haoses-Gorases, Lischen
In Namibia, almost one out of every three children under the age of five is undernourished while one out of every 20 is obese. Thus, the concerns are nature and quality of Grade 2 scholars’ routine diet; ability for sustained attention within a classroom setting should their routine diet fail to adequately provide sustained glucose and scholastic performance that may result from attention deficits due to presumed poor quality of routine diet. The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the link between routine diets, capacity for sustained attention span and scholastic performance among Grade 2 scholars in circuit one in Khomas region. The sampled population consisted of fifty seven (57) grade 2 scholars aged between 7-9 years from both Primary schools. The results showed no significant correlation as well as weak positive linear correlation between BMI percentile and likelihood of scholars giving attention in class r(N=57) =0.116 p=0.389. There was significant correlation as well as negative weak linear correlation between BMI percentile and arithmetic skill, r(57)= -0.274, p=0.039. Comparing scholars BMI percentile and reading skills showed no significant correlation as well as negative correlation between the scholars BMI percentile and reading skills, r(57)=-0.025, p=0.851. Comparing attention span and reading showed a significant and a moderate strong linear relationship between scholars’ attention span and reading skills, r(57) = 0.59, p<0.001. Whilst, there is significant and positive linear relationship between the scholars attention span and arithmetic skills, r(57)=0.34, p=0.009. Most scholars who participated in the study academically performed poorly in reading, arithmetic and psychometric tests despite majority of them having normal nutritional status. In conclusion, impairment of attention during lessons in classroom significantly contributed to poor performance in class and another contributing factor to poor academic performance can be associated with the classroom didactic).
Prevalence and factors associated with obesity amongst employees of open-cast diamond mine in Namibia
(Haufiku, D., & Amukugo, H.J. (2015). Prevalence and factors associated with obesity amongst employees of open-cast diamond mine in Namibia. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 4(2), 85-93., 2015) Haufiku, Desderius; Amukugo, Hans J.
The study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with obesity amongst employees of Pocket Beaches mine. Obesity rates are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide; 1.2 billion people worldwide are overweight of which 300 million are clinically obese. Of concern, is that obesity is a risk factor for many diseases, including hypertension, diabetes and other forms of cancers. Although there are several mine workers who on reporting to occupational health services for minor ailment are found to be overweight or obese, we are not certain about the extent with the problem. The health risk associated with obesity could cause a big loss to NAMDEB in terms of care cost, low productivity and absenteeism. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and determinants of obesity amongst NAMDEB employees working at Pocket Beaches diamond mine.a descriptive; cross-sectional study measured the prevalence of obesity and describes the factors that are associated with obesity and overweight. Study population: NAMDEB employees who were working at Pocket Beaches mine. A simple random sampling technique was used to select participants. Eighty seven employees were selected from 188 total NAMDEB employees working at Pocket Beaches mine. Data was collected through interviews. Anthropometric measurements namely, weight, height and abdominal circumference were collected using a standard protocol. Data was analyzed using Epi Info 2002. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as kg/m2. Overweight was defined as BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 and obesity as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Waist Circumference ≥80 cm was used to identify central obesity in women and ≥90 cm in men. The frequency of participation in physical activity, barriers to physical activity and food consumption is reported in percent and means. The study found prevalence 42% overweight and 32% obesity among employees of NAMDEB. A significant number of participants 48% never participate in moderate exercise per week. 71% of participants reported lack of motivation exercising and too tired after work as the major barriers to physical activity. The consumption of fatty foods such as fried chicken and fried meat was common among study subjects. A large number of respondents 79% eat fried chicken regularly while 74% eat fried meat regularly. 79% of participants consumed inadequate fruits and vegetable (one fruit and vegetable per day). The two most mentioned reasons for low fruits and vegetables consumption were lacked of fruits and vegetables in hostel food menu, and 14% don’t like fruits. This study results revealed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among employees. There is also low participation in physical activity and inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables among employees. Lack of motivation to exercise and unavailability of fruits and vegetable contributed to unhealthy lifestyles. Appropriate interventions are necessary in order to reduce the high obesity prevalence. Wellness program to promote physical activity should be introduced at Pocket Beaches mine. Management should engage Sodexho (catering company) to increase fruits and vegetables in the employees’ menu.
Experiences of registered and student nurses regarding the clinical supervision in medical and surgical wards: Develop an educational programme to support registered nurses
(2015) Neshuku, Hanna; Amukugo, Hans J.
The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of registered nurses and student nurses regarding the clinical supervision of student nurses in medical and surgical wards. The findings will be a basis to develop an educational programme to support registered nurses during clinical supervision in the same context. The study was a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature. This paper describes Phase 1, of the study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of registered nurses and student nurses regarding clinical supervision of student nurses. Data was collected through in-depth individual face to face interviews thereafter data were analysed based on the Tesch’s method of qualitative data analysis. The numbers of interviews conducted were 35 in total, made up of 27 interviews with student nurses and 8 interviews with registered nurses. The numbers were determined based on the subject who availed themselves for the study as well as data saturation. Study revealed managerial, educational as well as non-conducive environment challenges experiences by registered nurses and student nurses during clinical supervision of student nurses. It was concluded that educational programme should be developed in order to support registered to manage those challenges. The development of the programme is outlined in article part 2.
Development of the conceptual framework for a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia
(2016) Nangombe, Julia P.; Amukugo, Hans J.
This article describe the process followed by the researcher in the development of the conceptual framework for a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia. The conceptual framework of this study was based on the Practice Orientated Theory of Dickoff (1968) that assisted with explaining the concepts used in developing the quality improvement training programme for health professionals at the health facilities. Dickoff’ s (1968) practice orientated theory consists of the agent, recipients, context, procedure, dynamics, and the terminus. In this study, the agent was a quality specialist, the recipients were health professionals, the context was the health facilities, the dynamics were challenges that health professionals were experiencing; the procedure was the training programme, while the terminus was knowledgeable and skillful health professionals in quality health care delivery.
Implementation and evaluation of an a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper focuses on the process of the implementation and evaluation of a psychosocial training programme to facilitate reintegration of the imprisoned women who have dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. This paper consists of two sections. The first section deals with the implementation of the psychosocial training programme while the second section evaluates the implementation and the outcomes evaluation of the of the programme. The programme was completed during a three-day workshop at the Correctional Facility in Namibia.
Guidelines for implantation of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia
(2016) Nangombe, Julia P.; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper is focuses on the description of the guidelines for implantation of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals. The formulation of the guidelines also borrowed the CDC (2001) steps and UNFPA phases of developing the guidelines for successful implementation of the training programme at the health care facilities in the MoHSS. The facilitator(s) and implementers of the training programme are advised to first understand the background and the development process of the training programme for successful implementation. These guidelines have been developed to assist quality manager(s) and facilitator(s) with the implementation of the quality improvement training programme for health professionals at the health care facilities (MoHSS). The guidelines enhance consistency in steps and methods to be followed during the implementation of the programme. The guidelines were derived from the conceptual framework that was developed during the exploratory and situation analysis of quality health care delivery at the health care facilities. Two prominent theories were adapted in developing these guidelines. Firstly, Deming’s PDSA model of quality improvement and secondly, Kolb’s experiential learning theory. These theories were used to understand the teaching and learning styles. The guidelines outlined the process, activities, and elements required to implement the such programme.
Development for a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia
(2016) Nangombe, Julia P.; Amukugo, Hans J.
The paper describes the steps followed in the development of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals. This was echoed by the facts that the health professionals are facing in their quest for quality health care delivery. In Namibia, most health care facilities have not been yielding good results in response to patients’ health care needs. Health care dynamics are complex and inundated with several factors; among others new methods, speed of improving medical science and technology, as well as increasing demands of the clients to address emerging and re-emerging diseases. In order to achieved that the five phases of programme development by Meyer and Van Niekerk (2008) were modified to facilitate the programme development. Quality improvement training for health professionals. Those five phases were situational analysis; conceptual framework; developing of the training programme; development of the guidelines for the implementation; and Evaluation of training programme.
A conceptual framework as basis for the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper focuses on the conceptualization the research findings and literature control with regard to the experiences of women who have dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. Eleven unstructured individual interviews were voice recorded and transcribed verbatim. The researcher used a systematic approach to analyse the transcripts and field notes using Tesch’s open qualitative data analysis method Based on the findings of the main themes of the study, four central concepts emerged from those themes; namely psychological factors, socioeconomic factors, the reintegration process, as well as a legal and ethical framework. Through consultation and member checking, it was concluded that an educational programme was suitable to prepare and support the women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. The educational programme entailed the management and understanding of the psychosocial aspects, socioeconomic aspects, reintegration process, as well as the legal and ethical aspects of the women. These women are members of the society irrespective of the magnitude of the crime they had committed. The conceptual framework forms the basis of the development of the training programme for women who have dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. The description in this conceptual framework is in accordance with the reasoning map that is based on the survey list outline by Dickoff et al. (1968).
Evaluation of an educational programme to facilitate critical thinking of student nurses
(2016) Pretorius, Louise; Amukugo, Hans J.; Van Dyk, Agnes; Small, Louis F.
This article deals with phase 4 of the study, namely the evaluation of the educational programme developed in phase 2. The development of the educational programme was aimed at the facilitation of the development of critical thinking in the student nurse. The purpose of phase four (4) was to evaluate whether the researcher had achieved the objective of the educational programme, namely to facilitate the development of critical thinking skills of the final year student nurse. Specific objectives were therefore set for phase 4. Further, hypotheses were formulated and tested during this phase of the study. The aim of formulating a hypothesis was to determine whether any development had taken place in the experimental group who participated in the educational programme. All fourth-year nursing students (47) who complied with the inclusion criteria participated in the educational programme. Each participant consented in writing to be part of the programme—including the pretest and posttest. A total of 53 students participated as the control group in the pretest and posttest. All the participants in the experimental and control groups of the study were registered for the Comprehensive Diploma in Nursing at the University of Namibia. Reasons were advanced in chapter 3 for the fact that the participants in the study were final-year students at the Windhoek and Oshakati campuses of the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences. It was concluded that the implementation and evaluation of a three-day educational programme on the facilitation of the development of critical thinking within a quasi-experimental design had desired results. Students from both the main campus (Windhoek) and the Northern Campus (Oshakati) of the Department of Nursing at the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences of the University of Namibia were included in the quasi-experiment. Internal validity of the design was ensured by eliminating the threats to an experimental design
The development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper focused process followed on the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration process of women who had dumped their babies and / or committed infanticide. The development of the educational programme established was based on the survey guide suggested by Dickoff et al. (1968) namely agent, recipient, dynamic and terminus. According to the data analysis, the women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticides were experiencing psychological and socioeconomic challenges, as well as reintegration, legal, and ethical challenges. The researcher decided to develop a psychosocial educational programme to address those challenges. The educational programme was also designed to meet the needs of women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide and to equip them with competencies; such as skills, knowledge, attitudes, and values to manage the psycho-social aspects and to facilitate their reintegration. The educational programme comprises, the aim of educational, objectives, contents of an educational programme educational approaches, programme development process, evaluation of an educational programme.
Level of male involvement and factors influencing male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV
(2016) Amukugo, Hans J.; Shiyagaya, Karolina N.; Shikongo, Katrina-Kauna
A cross-sectional study on level of male involvement and factors influencing male involvement in the PMTCT programme was carried out among 115 males whose female partners were attending the antenatal care (ANC) in the Oshakati District of the Oshana Region. The purpose of the study was to determine factors associated with low male involvement in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in Oshakati District. The objectives of this study were to determine factors influencing male involvement in PMTCT and to determine level of male involvement in PMTCT, with the aim of proposing interventions to ensure improved male involvement in the PMTCT programme for positive PMTCT outcomes. Data was collected using a standardised interview questionnaire. A purposive sampling technique was employed. Data was analysed using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software package version 22. The analysis included bivariate analysis with Pearson chi-squared statistics and p-value, to determine any associations between the dependent variables and the main outcome of interest. The following factors were found to be associated with male involvement n PMTCT: education level (0.001), age of female partners (0.002), type of a relationship (0.005), as well as attitudes and beliefs about PMTCT. Other factors influencing male involvement in PMTCT included lack of information about PMTCT, culture, lack of trust within the relationship, time and health system . The study concluded that male partners lack knowledge about PMTCT, hence their involvement is also limited. Thus, a comprehensive strategy should be put in place to sensitize and advocate the importance of male partner involvement in ANC/PMTCT in order to reach out male partners
Paradigmatic perspectives of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide in Namibia
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
The aim this paper is to discuss the paradigm perspective used in a developing a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. A study of this nature requires a paradigmatic perspective; this is a collection of logically linked concepts and propositions that provide a theoretical perspective or orientation that tends to guide the research approach to a specific topic. A paradigmatic perspective as a “way of looking at natural phenomena that encompasses [sic] a set of philosophical assumptions, and [sic] that guides the researcher’s approach to inquiry”. It represents a worldview that defines for its holder, the nature of the "world," the individual's place in it, and the range of possible relationships to that world and its parts have, which include cosmological and theological points of view. Polit and Hungler (2006) describe assumptions as basic principles that are accepted as true on the basis of logic or reasoning, but without proof or verification. The paradigmatic perspective in this study consisted assumptions and the retries . These assumptions include the meta-theoretical, ontological, epistemological, axiological, and methodological assumptions. The meta theoretical basis of the study are Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach’s (1968) practice theory; Kolb’s experiential learning theory and Knowles’ andragogical learning theory.
Description of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia
(2016) Nangombe, Julia P.; Amukugo, Hans J.
The aim of this paper is to describe the quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia. The Practice Oriented Theory of Dickoff (1968) was used as practical guidelines to develop the conceptual framework. This framework was employed during the research and the educational programme development process. During the research process, the agent was the researcher; recipients (Managers/leadership and health professionals); the context (MoHSS head office and healthcare facilities); dynamics (findings for objective one and two); Procedure (research process) and terminus (foundations for development of educational programme). For the educational programme developing process, agent (quality specialist), recipients (health professional), context (health facilities), procedure (training programme for health professionals), dynamics, (challenges hampering successful implementation of the programme) and the terminus (knowledge, skills and abilities acquired through the training programme). During the development of the quality improvement training programme, two main theories were adapted. The most prominent one was a model by Meyer and Van Niekerk (2008), which was adapted to guide the process of developing the training programme. Kolb’s experiential learning theory was used to explain the learning process and styles of developing knowledge through experiences. The content of the training programme was derived from five main themes, 17 sub-themes and the conceptual framework based on the situation analysis about challenges faced by the health care facilities. The five themes were lack of implementation of policies and guidelines; inadequate resources; lack of interpersonal relationships; inadequate understanding of quality assurance and quality improvement; and inadequate research to provide evidence-based information during treatment and patient care. The educational programme consisted of the purpose / aim, objectives, structure / design, facilitation process, implementation process, and evaluation of the programme.
A process for the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide in Namibia
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
The aim of this paper is to describe the steps/process used to develop a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide in Namibia. This process was done in four phases namely Phase 1, was carried out to explore and describe the lived experiences of women who had dumped and / or committed infanticide. The researcher used in-depth unstructured individual interviews for data collection and data was analysed by using Tech’s method of qualitative data analysis. Phase 2, focuses on the conceptualisation framework guided the development of a psychosocial educational programme that facilitated the reintegration process of women who had dumped and / or committed infanticide. The educational programme included the activities suggested in the survey list of Dickoff et al. (1968); namely, agent, recipient, context, dynamics, procedures, and terminus. Phase 3, focused on the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration process of women who had dumped their babies and / or committed infanticide. The survey list of Dickoff et al. (1968) was adopted as a reasoning map in the construction of the development of a psychosocial educational programme, as well as the findings of the situational analysis of this study. And Phase 4, focused on the implementation and evaluation of the psychosocial educational programme that was developed to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. A three-day training workshop was held at the Oluno Correctional Facility to conduct the educational programme. The educational programme was evaluated in order to validate whether the programme interventions were likely to bring about the desired change among the participants. A process for the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide in Namibia
Development of an educational programme to facilitate critical thinking of student nurses in Namibia
(2016) Pretorius, Louise; Van Dyk, Agnes; Amukugo, Hans J.
The article focused on the development process of an educational programme to facilitate the development of critical thinking in the students. The study was conducted in four phases, beginning with the needs assessment in phase 1 through which the researcher determine the need of the students in terms of critical thinking. The deductive data analysis of phase 1 served as basis of the conceptual framework for the development of an educational programme. Phase 2 focused on the development of the conceptual framework and it was achieved by utilized a specific educational approaches and philosophical framework were employed. Phase 3 and 4 were conducted simultaneously. Phase 3 focuses on implementation while phase 4 focuses on evaluation. A quasi – experimental design was implemented which focused on active participation by the participants in the programme.
Description of a model to facilitate male involvement in the reproductive health context by the registered nurses
(2016) Amukugo, Hans J.; Jooste, Karen; Nangombe, Julia P.
The aim of this article is to describe a model to facilitate male partner involvement in the RH context. The findings in chapter 3, step1 – concept analysis – which comprised the identification, definition and classification of concepts and the construction of an interrelationship between concepts and statements (chapter 4), formed the basis for the development of this model. This model to facilitate male partner involvement in RH is based on the theory generation of Chinn and Kramer (1991). The central concepts are defined by using the rules described by Rossouw (2000/1,) and Copi and Cohen (1996). Lastly, the model evaluation has been done in accordance with the method of Chinn and Kramer (1991).
Nursing and radiography students' perceptions on their wellbeing at the School of Nursing, university of Namibia
(2016) Small, Louis F.; Pretorius, Louise; Walters, A.; Kuugongelwa, S.; De Villiers, E.; Amakali, Kristofina; Anyolo, Epafras; Bampton, Elizabeth L.; Brinkman, C.; Nelumbu, Lucia N.
This paper discusses a report of perception of wellbeing among nursing and radiography students at the School of Nursing of the University of Namibia. A mixed method of descriptive, analytical quantitative and qualitative study was conducted to gather data on self-report perception of wellbeing among the study and target population of 440 Nursing students (both undergraduate and postgraduate) and Radiography students registered for the 2013 academic year at the School of Nursing, University of Namibia, Windhoek campus. Data were collected from a convenient sample of 403 students with a response rate of 95% (n = 383), through a self- administered questionnaire that focused on the six subcomponents of wellbeing. Descriptive and analytical analysis were applied to describe participants’ perceived wellbeing and to determine possible associations between the perceptions of wellbeing as a dependent variable and the independent variables. The findings indicated a significant overall low level of perceived wellbeing among all students irrespective of the study programme and levels of studies.

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