Research Articles (CHNS)

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Male involvement in reproductive health: A management perspective
(2012) Jooste, Karen; Amukugo, Hans J.
Aims The present study outlines the perceptions of participants on male involvement in reproductive health (RH) from a management perspective. Background Namibia is one of the African countries affected by cultural and socio-economic influences that have persuaded gender roles in a way that hinders male-partner involvement in RH. Method A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive design was followed. The target population included all male and female partners attending a health facility and all nurse managers (registered nurses in charge) that provided RH services in the health facility in a northern region in Namibia. Individual interviews were conducted until data saturation occurred. Results The results indicate that the management principles, policy and legislation, as well as resources to facilitate male involvement in RH, were indicated as barriers for nurse managers to facilitate male involvement. Conclusion Male involvement in RH care is needed for an interpersonal and interactive partnership.
Perceptions of student nurses regarding the delivery of quality nursing care in katutura health centre, Windhoek and khomas region
(2015) Amukugo, Hans J.; Mathew, Aino
The purpose of this study is to explore and describe the perceptions of nursing students regarding the delivery of quality nursing care in Katutuura Health Centre, Windhoek, and Khomas Region. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research designs were used in this study. An individual interview was conducted on ten (10) 4th year nursing students at UNAM main campus with regard to the delivery of quality nursing care. The data showed that most students expressed shortage of staff, high number of patient attendance, insufficient equipment and insufficient time as factors that affect the delivery of quality nursing care. Possible interventions regarding resource management should be put into consideration, where extra nursing staffs needed to be trained and distributed among hospitals and clinics in Namibia.
Development of model to facilitate male involvement in the reproductive health context by the registered nurses
(2015) Amukugo, Hans J.; Jooste, Karen; Mitonga, Kabwebwe H.
The purpose of this article is to describe the process followed in the development of the model of facilitating male partner involvement in reproductive health (RH) context by the nurses. Namibia is one of the African countries affected by cultural and socio-economic influences that have persuaded gender roles in a way that hinders male-partner involvement in RH context. This phenomenon make difficult for the nurses to facilitate their involvement. The research methods were done in four phases. Phase 1 entitled concepts analysis. Phase one was done into two steps namely step1 - concepts identification and step 2 - concepts definition. During concept identification, qualitative, exploratory, descriptive design was followed. The target population included male and female partners attending health facilities and all nurse managers (registered nurses in charge) that provided RH services in the health facility in a northern region in Namibia. Individual interviews and focus were conducted until data saturation occurred. During the research three fundamental principles such as respect person, beneficence and justice were adhered. Tech’s eight steps of descriptive data analysis were used. Three (3) main categories, six (6) categories and twelve (12) subcategories were identified using open coding and conceptualization. The main concepts of the model were identified and classified using a survey list of Dickoff, James, Wiedenba (Dickoff,James, Wiedenbach, 1968; Mckenna, 2006). Phase 2 dealt with the creation of interrelationship statements between concepts identified in step 1. In phase 3 focuses with the description of the model using strategies proposed by (Chinn & Kramer, 1991). In phase 4, the description of guidelines and evaluation for the model was also done. The applied the principle of trustworthiness through developing dependability, credibility, transferability and confirmability in all four phases. A model was developed based on a theory generated approach. The model consist of five phase namely, situational analysis in the external environment (community) and internal environment (health facilities); establishment of partnership (male and female partner and Nurses), management process, maintaining the conducive environment and control & terminus/ outcome phase. It was concluded that facilitation of Male involvement in RH care context is needed. Further the recommendations were made to implement a model within the current health care framework in which reproductive health is provided.
Prevalence and factors associated with obesity amongst employees of open-cast diamond mine in Namibia
(Haufiku, D., & Amukugo, H.J. (2015). Prevalence and factors associated with obesity amongst employees of open-cast diamond mine in Namibia. International Journal of Advanced Nursing Studies, 4(2), 85-93., 2015) Haufiku, Desderius; Amukugo, Hans J.
The study investigated the prevalence and factors associated with obesity amongst employees of Pocket Beaches mine. Obesity rates are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide; 1.2 billion people worldwide are overweight of which 300 million are clinically obese. Of concern, is that obesity is a risk factor for many diseases, including hypertension, diabetes and other forms of cancers. Although there are several mine workers who on reporting to occupational health services for minor ailment are found to be overweight or obese, we are not certain about the extent with the problem. The health risk associated with obesity could cause a big loss to NAMDEB in terms of care cost, low productivity and absenteeism. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and determinants of obesity amongst NAMDEB employees working at Pocket Beaches diamond mine.a descriptive; cross-sectional study measured the prevalence of obesity and describes the factors that are associated with obesity and overweight. Study population: NAMDEB employees who were working at Pocket Beaches mine. A simple random sampling technique was used to select participants. Eighty seven employees were selected from 188 total NAMDEB employees working at Pocket Beaches mine. Data was collected through interviews. Anthropometric measurements namely, weight, height and abdominal circumference were collected using a standard protocol. Data was analyzed using Epi Info 2002. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as kg/m2. Overweight was defined as BMI = 25 to 29.9 kg/m2 and obesity as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Waist Circumference ≥80 cm was used to identify central obesity in women and ≥90 cm in men. The frequency of participation in physical activity, barriers to physical activity and food consumption is reported in percent and means. The study found prevalence 42% overweight and 32% obesity among employees of NAMDEB. A significant number of participants 48% never participate in moderate exercise per week. 71% of participants reported lack of motivation exercising and too tired after work as the major barriers to physical activity. The consumption of fatty foods such as fried chicken and fried meat was common among study subjects. A large number of respondents 79% eat fried chicken regularly while 74% eat fried meat regularly. 79% of participants consumed inadequate fruits and vegetable (one fruit and vegetable per day). The two most mentioned reasons for low fruits and vegetables consumption were lacked of fruits and vegetables in hostel food menu, and 14% don’t like fruits. This study results revealed a high prevalence of overweight and obesity among employees. There is also low participation in physical activity and inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables among employees. Lack of motivation to exercise and unavailability of fruits and vegetable contributed to unhealthy lifestyles. Appropriate interventions are necessary in order to reduce the high obesity prevalence. Wellness program to promote physical activity should be introduced at Pocket Beaches mine. Management should engage Sodexho (catering company) to increase fruits and vegetables in the employees’ menu.
The link between routine diet, attention span and scholastic performance among grade 2 scholars in circuit one in Khomas Region, Namibia
(2015) Tjituri, Elsie; Amukugo, Hans J.; Haoses-Gorases, Lischen
In Namibia, almost one out of every three children under the age of five is undernourished while one out of every 20 is obese. Thus, the concerns are nature and quality of Grade 2 scholars’ routine diet; ability for sustained attention within a classroom setting should their routine diet fail to adequately provide sustained glucose and scholastic performance that may result from attention deficits due to presumed poor quality of routine diet. The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the link between routine diets, capacity for sustained attention span and scholastic performance among Grade 2 scholars in circuit one in Khomas region. The sampled population consisted of fifty seven (57) grade 2 scholars aged between 7-9 years from both Primary schools. The results showed no significant correlation as well as weak positive linear correlation between BMI percentile and likelihood of scholars giving attention in class r(N=57) =0.116 p=0.389. There was significant correlation as well as negative weak linear correlation between BMI percentile and arithmetic skill, r(57)= -0.274, p=0.039. Comparing scholars BMI percentile and reading skills showed no significant correlation as well as negative correlation between the scholars BMI percentile and reading skills, r(57)=-0.025, p=0.851. Comparing attention span and reading showed a significant and a moderate strong linear relationship between scholars’ attention span and reading skills, r(57) = 0.59, p<0.001. Whilst, there is significant and positive linear relationship between the scholars attention span and arithmetic skills, r(57)=0.34, p=0.009. Most scholars who participated in the study academically performed poorly in reading, arithmetic and psychometric tests despite majority of them having normal nutritional status. In conclusion, impairment of attention during lessons in classroom significantly contributed to poor performance in class and another contributing factor to poor academic performance can be associated with the classroom didactic).
Experiences of registered and student nurses regarding the clinical supervision in medical and surgical wards: Develop an educational programme to support registered nurses
(2015) Neshuku, Hanna; Amukugo, Hans J.
The purpose of the study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of registered nurses and student nurses regarding the clinical supervision of student nurses in medical and surgical wards. The findings will be a basis to develop an educational programme to support registered nurses during clinical supervision in the same context. The study was a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature. This paper describes Phase 1, of the study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of registered nurses and student nurses regarding clinical supervision of student nurses. Data was collected through in-depth individual face to face interviews thereafter data were analysed based on the Tesch’s method of qualitative data analysis. The numbers of interviews conducted were 35 in total, made up of 27 interviews with student nurses and 8 interviews with registered nurses. The numbers were determined based on the subject who availed themselves for the study as well as data saturation. Study revealed managerial, educational as well as non-conducive environment challenges experiences by registered nurses and student nurses during clinical supervision of student nurses. It was concluded that educational programme should be developed in order to support registered to manage those challenges. The development of the programme is outlined in article part 2.
Development of the conceptual framework for a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia
(2016) Nangombe, Julia P.; Amukugo, Hans J.
This article describe the process followed by the researcher in the development of the conceptual framework for a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia. The conceptual framework of this study was based on the Practice Orientated Theory of Dickoff (1968) that assisted with explaining the concepts used in developing the quality improvement training programme for health professionals at the health facilities. Dickoff’ s (1968) practice orientated theory consists of the agent, recipients, context, procedure, dynamics, and the terminus. In this study, the agent was a quality specialist, the recipients were health professionals, the context was the health facilities, the dynamics were challenges that health professionals were experiencing; the procedure was the training programme, while the terminus was knowledgeable and skillful health professionals in quality health care delivery.
Assessment of the needs of student nurses regarding critical thinking in nursing practice
(2016) Pretorius, Louise; Van Dyk, Agnes; Small, Louis F.; Amukugo, Hans J.
This study involved a quantitative, quasi-experimental and contextual design. The target population for this phase was senior student nurses registered at the University of Namibia, in their fourth year of nursing studies in the training hospitals of Windhoek and Oshakati. A total of 46 fourth-year nursing students, registered at the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences in the Department of Nursing, were included for phase 1 except for the two students who took part in the pilot study. The students were from both campuses, namely the Windhoek and Oshakati campuses, doing the four-year Diploma in Comprehensive Nursing curriculum, which incorporates the principles of critical thinking. An imaginary case scenario was developed for students to analyse and answer some relevant questions to enable the researcher to determine the level of understanding and integration of critical thinking. In this study each student’s answers were deductively analysed by calculating central values, more specifically the mean for each question, to determine their application of critical thinking skills in the management of a nursing problem The researcher has, with literature support, arrived at “umbrella” concepts, namely the most important concepts that nurses in Namibia need and without which they cannot practice. These umbrella concepts are to be included in the educational programme.
Guidelines to operationalize a model to facilitate male involvement in the reproductive health context by the registered nurses
(2016) Amukugo, Hans J.; Neshuku, Hanna; Nangombe, Julia P.
The purpose of this article is to describe the guidelines for operationalising a model to facilitate male partner involvement in RH. Guidelines were developed for the implementation of the model to facilitate male partner involvement in RH through the management of a partnership environment. These guidelines may be implemented in those health facilities that provide RH services, namely, clinics, health centres and hospitals. The nurses, in collaboration with significant stakeholders from the community, representatives from the line ministries and NGOs, will be able to facilitate male partner involvement in RH. These guidelines and strategies were derived from the conceptual framework which was generated by means of deductive reasoning and analysis. The guidelines and strategies at each level are aimed at facilitating male partner involvement in RH through the management of the partnership environment by enabling male partners to become actively involved and participate and to eliminate those factors that impede the full participation of male partners in the RH context. The chapter will focus on these guidelines which are expressed in terms of the aims and strategies of each of the four phases in facilitating male partner involvement in RH.
A conceptual framework as basis for the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper focuses on the conceptualization the research findings and literature control with regard to the experiences of women who have dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. Eleven unstructured individual interviews were voice recorded and transcribed verbatim. The researcher used a systematic approach to analyse the transcripts and field notes using Tesch’s open qualitative data analysis method Based on the findings of the main themes of the study, four central concepts emerged from those themes; namely psychological factors, socioeconomic factors, the reintegration process, as well as a legal and ethical framework. Through consultation and member checking, it was concluded that an educational programme was suitable to prepare and support the women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. The educational programme entailed the management and understanding of the psychosocial aspects, socioeconomic aspects, reintegration process, as well as the legal and ethical aspects of the women. These women are members of the society irrespective of the magnitude of the crime they had committed. The conceptual framework forms the basis of the development of the training programme for women who have dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. The description in this conceptual framework is in accordance with the reasoning map that is based on the survey list outline by Dickoff et al. (1968).
Evaluation of an educational programme to facilitate critical thinking of student nurses
(2016) Pretorius, Louise; Amukugo, Hans J.; Van Dyk, Agnes; Small, Louis F.
This article deals with phase 4 of the study, namely the evaluation of the educational programme developed in phase 2. The development of the educational programme was aimed at the facilitation of the development of critical thinking in the student nurse. The purpose of phase four (4) was to evaluate whether the researcher had achieved the objective of the educational programme, namely to facilitate the development of critical thinking skills of the final year student nurse. Specific objectives were therefore set for phase 4. Further, hypotheses were formulated and tested during this phase of the study. The aim of formulating a hypothesis was to determine whether any development had taken place in the experimental group who participated in the educational programme. All fourth-year nursing students (47) who complied with the inclusion criteria participated in the educational programme. Each participant consented in writing to be part of the programme—including the pretest and posttest. A total of 53 students participated as the control group in the pretest and posttest. All the participants in the experimental and control groups of the study were registered for the Comprehensive Diploma in Nursing at the University of Namibia. Reasons were advanced in chapter 3 for the fact that the participants in the study were final-year students at the Windhoek and Oshakati campuses of the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences. It was concluded that the implementation and evaluation of a three-day educational programme on the facilitation of the development of critical thinking within a quasi-experimental design had desired results. Students from both the main campus (Windhoek) and the Northern Campus (Oshakati) of the Department of Nursing at the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences of the University of Namibia were included in the quasi-experiment. Internal validity of the design was ensured by eliminating the threats to an experimental design
Knowledge, attitute and practice of healthcare workers on waste segregation at two public training hospitals
(2016) Haifete, Anna N.; Amukugo, Hans J.; Iita, Hermine
A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was employed that included the use of a checklist and self-administered questionnaires. Probability stratified random sampling method was used in this study to ensure proportional representation of HCWs categories. Simple random sampling was used in selecting the wards to be assessed. The Epi-info software version 3.5.1 was used to analyse quantitative data for both objectives. Data analysis involved checking and editing the collected data, cleaning and analysing them. Frequency distribution tables, descriptive statistics like measure of central tendency and measures of variability were employed. The demographic data that was discussed are gender, age, profession, duration of current work experience, hospital and the ward where the health care workers were working. The mean ages of all participants were 37.4 (SD 13.0) years, Median 36.5 and Mode 28. However, the mean ages per profession were as follows: Doctors 35. 7(SD 9.0), Nurses were 38. 3 (SD 13. 2), Ward assistants were 35.7 (SD 16. 5) and Cleaners were 37 (SD 15. 3) years. Professional categories chosen were selected on the ground that they are the most health care workers that handle wastes in the selected wards. For the knowledge the study revealed that doctorsâ€Ÿ score were higher than the other 3 occupational and they have more in-depth understanding due to their higher education and professional levels. While for the attitude the percentage of HCWs are strongly agreed that safe disposal is of utmost importance for preventing infection transmission and prevent infections. On the practice of health care workers on waste segregation found to be universal practices in the entire ward. The study recommended that training for all health care workers categories on waste segregation should be done on the regular basis. The Ministry of Health and Social Services (MOHSS) to employ Environmental Health Practitioners to be in charge of overall waste management in the hospitals. Furthermore, adequate monitoring and evaluation of waste segregation processes in the two training hospitals should be ensured.
Implementation and evaluation of an a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper focuses on the process of the implementation and evaluation of a psychosocial training programme to facilitate reintegration of the imprisoned women who have dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. This paper consists of two sections. The first section deals with the implementation of the psychosocial training programme while the second section evaluates the implementation and the outcomes evaluation of the of the programme. The programme was completed during a three-day workshop at the Correctional Facility in Namibia.
Paradigmatic perspectives of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide in Namibia
(2016) Sumpi, Ndempavali; Amukugo, Hans J.
The aim this paper is to discuss the paradigm perspective used in a developing a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. A study of this nature requires a paradigmatic perspective; this is a collection of logically linked concepts and propositions that provide a theoretical perspective or orientation that tends to guide the research approach to a specific topic. A paradigmatic perspective as a “way of looking at natural phenomena that encompasses [sic] a set of philosophical assumptions, and [sic] that guides the researcher’s approach to inquiry”. It represents a worldview that defines for its holder, the nature of the "world," the individual's place in it, and the range of possible relationships to that world and its parts have, which include cosmological and theological points of view. Polit and Hungler (2006) describe assumptions as basic principles that are accepted as true on the basis of logic or reasoning, but without proof or verification. The paradigmatic perspective in this study consisted assumptions and the retries . These assumptions include the meta-theoretical, ontological, epistemological, axiological, and methodological assumptions. The meta theoretical basis of the study are Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach’s (1968) practice theory; Kolb’s experiential learning theory and Knowles’ andragogical learning theory.
Description of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia
(2016) Nangombe, Julia P.; Amukugo, Hans J.
The aim of this paper is to describe the quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia. The Practice Oriented Theory of Dickoff (1968) was used as practical guidelines to develop the conceptual framework. This framework was employed during the research and the educational programme development process. During the research process, the agent was the researcher; recipients (Managers/leadership and health professionals); the context (MoHSS head office and healthcare facilities); dynamics (findings for objective one and two); Procedure (research process) and terminus (foundations for development of educational programme). For the educational programme developing process, agent (quality specialist), recipients (health professional), context (health facilities), procedure (training programme for health professionals), dynamics, (challenges hampering successful implementation of the programme) and the terminus (knowledge, skills and abilities acquired through the training programme). During the development of the quality improvement training programme, two main theories were adapted. The most prominent one was a model by Meyer and Van Niekerk (2008), which was adapted to guide the process of developing the training programme. Kolb’s experiential learning theory was used to explain the learning process and styles of developing knowledge through experiences. The content of the training programme was derived from five main themes, 17 sub-themes and the conceptual framework based on the situation analysis about challenges faced by the health care facilities. The five themes were lack of implementation of policies and guidelines; inadequate resources; lack of interpersonal relationships; inadequate understanding of quality assurance and quality improvement; and inadequate research to provide evidence-based information during treatment and patient care. The educational programme consisted of the purpose / aim, objectives, structure / design, facilitation process, implementation process, and evaluation of the programme.
Description of a model to facilitate male involvement in the reproductive health context by the registered nurses
(2016) Amukugo, Hans J.; Jooste, Karen; Nangombe, Julia P.
The aim of this article is to describe a model to facilitate male partner involvement in the RH context. The findings in chapter 3, step1 – concept analysis – which comprised the identification, definition and classification of concepts and the construction of an interrelationship between concepts and statements (chapter 4), formed the basis for the development of this model. This model to facilitate male partner involvement in RH is based on the theory generation of Chinn and Kramer (1991). The central concepts are defined by using the rules described by Rossouw (2000/1,) and Copi and Cohen (1996). Lastly, the model evaluation has been done in accordance with the method of Chinn and Kramer (1991).
Description of an educational programme developed to support registered nurses during clinical supervision of student nurses in medical and surgical wards in a training health facility: Namibia
(2016) Neshuku, Hanna; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper describes an educational programme interventions developed to support registered nurses during the clinical supervision of student nurses in the medical and surgical wards of a training hospital in the Oshana region, Namibia. The programme developed contained the purpose and goals of the programme, programme objectives, programme structure, processes and approaches. The programme catered for the following themes: Managerial challenges, educational challenges and non-conducive environment as was experienced by registered nurses and student nurses in order to support them during clinical supervision. It includes the activities to address managerial challenges as identified to be affecting the clinical supervision of student nurses; this is to address educational challenges identified during clinical supervision of student nurses. Furthermore, the programme contains activities focused on providing registered nurses with knowledge and skills on clinical supervision, in order to increase their understanding and competence about the clinical supervision of student nurses. Another activity included interventions for enhancing positive interpersonal relationships and good communication skills to improve effective interactions between registered nurses and student nurses. This study made it possible for the development of an educational programme that enable the registered nurses to receive the much needed information pertaining to the clinical supervision of student nurses, and served as a guide and support tool when carrying out clinical supervision of student nurses. In conclusion the study was justified as an original contribution to the existing body of knowledge in general health nursing science.
Guidelines for implantation of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals in the Ministry of Health and Social Services in Namibia
(2016) Nangombe, Julia P.; Amukugo, Hans J.
This paper is focuses on the description of the guidelines for implantation of a quality improvement training programme for health professionals. The formulation of the guidelines also borrowed the CDC (2001) steps and UNFPA phases of developing the guidelines for successful implementation of the training programme at the health care facilities in the MoHSS. The facilitator(s) and implementers of the training programme are advised to first understand the background and the development process of the training programme for successful implementation. These guidelines have been developed to assist quality manager(s) and facilitator(s) with the implementation of the quality improvement training programme for health professionals at the health care facilities (MoHSS). The guidelines enhance consistency in steps and methods to be followed during the implementation of the programme. The guidelines were derived from the conceptual framework that was developed during the exploratory and situation analysis of quality health care delivery at the health care facilities. Two prominent theories were adapted in developing these guidelines. Firstly, Deming’s PDSA model of quality improvement and secondly, Kolb’s experiential learning theory. These theories were used to understand the teaching and learning styles. The guidelines outlined the process, activities, and elements required to implement the such programme.
Experiences of men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the four northern regions Namibia
(2016) Salomo, Salomo; Amukugo, Hans J.; Pretorius, Louise
This article is aimed at describing the lived experiences of men diagnosed and living with prostate cancer in the four northern regions. A phenomenological, explorative and descriptive design was followed as the basis for conducting the study. The above mentioned research design was achieved through individual in-depth interviews conducted with men diagnosed and living with prostate cancer in the Intermediate Hospital that serves as a referral hospital for cancer patients from all the four northern regions. A sample of ten (10) men, diagnosed and living with prostate cancer, from a population comprised of men between the ages of 39 - 95 was selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. This sample size was determined by saturation of data as reflected in repeating themes. Ethical clearance was received from an ethical review committee prior to the conduct of the study. Individual in-depth interviews and field notes were used as a method of data collection. During the interviews, participants were asked one question namely; “What is your experience after being diagnosed with prostate cancer?” Communication skills were employed to encourage participants to verbalize their lived experiences after being diagnosed with prostate cancer. A tape recorder was used to collect data and was transcribed verbatim. Data collected was analyzed in line with Tesch’s eight steps in the coding process. The researcher and an independent qualitative research expert carried out coding. Four themes emerged from the results of the study. It became evident that men diagnosed and living with prostate cancer had different experiences after being diagnosed that resulted in physical discomfort and psychological changes in their bodies. It was recommended that more emphasis should be put on supportive care towards men diagnosed with the disease. Individualized approaches to help men address their thoughts and feelings after being diagnosed with prostate cancer should be considered, as well as the incorporation of strategies that help men to be more effective at obtaining social support.
Implementation of an educational programme to facilitate critical thinking of student nurses
(2016) Pretorius, Louise; Amukugo, Hans J.; Van Dyk, Agnes; Small, Louis F.
The overall purpose of phase 3 was to implement the educational programme that was developed to facilitate the development of critical thinking in the student nurse. A quasi-experimental design within the quantitative approach for phase 3 was used. The purpose of a quasi-experimental design was to identify and demonstrate casual relationships, examine relationships and clarify why certain events happened. The educational programme was implemented over a period of three days, covering theoretical and practical content. The objectives for this phase were to select the two groups of final-year student nurses to fit the quasi experimental design as the experimental and control group; conduct a pre-test on both the experimental and the control group in Windhoek and Oshakati to determine their application of critical thinking skills to the management of a given case in an imaginary case scenario; implement and facilitate the educational programme over a predetermined period of three days during the second semester of training for the experimental group in Windhoek and ensure active participation by participants for the duration of the educational programme. The population for this study consisted of nursing students in their final year (fourth year) of study at the training hospitals of Windhoek and Oshakati. Both campuses are incorporated in the Faculty of Health Sciences. The full population of the fourth-year class at the Windhoek campus was selected to be part of the experimental group (47 students) and the students from Oshakati (53 students) formed the control group. The total number of students amounted to 100 students.

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