School of Accounting

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    Analysing the fiscal sustainability of Namibia`s old age grant
    (University of Namibia, 2022) Kanyama, Marta Ndahafa
    Countries across the globe strive to address and achieve the welfare goals, one of which is the right to income security and sufficient social security pension in old age. In Namibia, Article 95 of the Constitution guarantees all senior citizens a regular pension sufficient to maintain a decent standard of living. The provision of a universal non-contributory social pension is critical in addressing elderly poverty. However, this provision comes at a cost and has fiscal ramifications if the necessary parameters are not kept in check and balanced on time. The thrust of this study is to analyse the fiscal sustainability of Namibia’ Old Age Grant. It is concerned with three main objectives; first, to ascertain the relationship between Old Age Grant expenditure and its independent variables namely: benefit cost, funeral benefit and number of beneficiaries; secondly to determine the expenditure of the Old Age Grant for the next 20 years, from 2021 to 2041, and finally to determine whether the projected expenditure is fiscally sustainable. The study employed a quantitative approach with data derived from a number of secondary sources. An econometric model (Old Age Grant Expenditure Model), simulation, and forecasting techniques were used in analysing data in the study. The main finding of the study is that, 99% of Old Age Grant expenditure variation is explained by the independent variables. On scenarios tested, Old Age Grant is found to be fiscally sustainable in the future provided that future-benefit amount adjustments are informed by the economic situation and with the inflation rate serving as a guide. The results further show that Old Age Grant expenditure as a percentage of government revenue is approaching the doubling point which can impose a fiscal burden on government expenditure. It is recommended that future adjustments of the grant benefit amount be informed by economic conditions, and that no political interference be used to influence the grant amount, as high political influence could render the grant expenditure unsustainable.
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    An analysis of compliance of selected Namibian companies with the international financial reporting standards on revenue
    (University of Namibia, 2016) Milijala, Emmanuel
    This thesis explores whether or not revenue recognition, measurement and disclosure practices of companies in Namibia comply with International Accounting Standards on Revenue (IAS 18 Revenue). The research problem for this study is derived from the fact that when financial statement users are analysing the financial health of a firm rely on the accuracy and reliability of financial statements issued by a firm. It is compliance with IAS 18, which enhances the reliability of financial statements. This study investigated the recognition, measurement and disclosure practices by selected private and public limited companies in Namibia. The thesis is based on a sample of fifty companies, using a qualitative approach. Primary data for this study were collected from a sample of fifty companies through a questionnaire. Secondary data were collected through content analysis of published financial statements. Survey data was analysed by grouping and coding answers and comparing them with the standards. Tables, frequencies, charts, graphs and narratives were used to present the findings. Thirty-six questionnaires were returned, achieving a response rate of seventy two (72) percent. The study found that seventy (70) percent of the selected companies are not accurately recognizing, measuring or presenting revenue in accordance with IAS 18 Revenue. The study concludes that both private and public companies in Namibia are not in full compliance with IAS 18 Revenue. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that further quantitative studies are undertaken using larger samples and that accountancy professional bodies should improve in the area of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) requirements.
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    An analysis of determinants of effective tax administration: Inland revenue department, Namibia
    (University of Namibia, 2022) Claasen, Williams Hendrich
    Tax in Namibia, as is the case in the rest of the world, is a key source of government revenue, amongst others sources. However, the government of Namibia has not been able to fully exploit this excellent opportunity to generate revenue effectively. The tax is collected at a lower level because of the inefficiency of tax administration in Namibia. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of tax administration efficiency from the Namibian perspective. This study is based on three variables used to determine factors that affect tax administration efficiency in Namibia. The three variables that are measured in this current study are: 1) organisational processes; 2) organisational resources; and 3) employee skills. This study is underpinned by the goal-setting theory and further supported by the governance theory. The data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires to a sample of 120 employees in Namibia’s Inland Revenue Authority. A total of 81 questionnaires were analysed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Based on multiple regression analysis and other statistical techniques, the results of the study showed a significant relationship between organisational processes, organisational resources, and employee skills development with the efficiency of tax administration. The three variables were therefore found to be crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of tax administration. However, the Inland Revenue Department (IRD) in Namibia was found to have ineffective organisational processes, inadequate resources, and a lack of focus on skills development. This has negatively affected the effectiveness of tax administration in the country. The study recommended that the IRD should give importance to the creation of awareness among taxpayers and the continuous development of employee skills in order to improve their competences in revenue administration. The IRD should also increase the level of automation of an administrative process to ensure efficiency and minimise the cases of corruption and fraud. Given the findings from the study, several limitations and suggestions for future studies that can be conducted in this scope in Namibia are suggested
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    An analysis of effects of economic growth on the financial performance of Namibian listed companies
    (University of Namibia, 2022) Heyns, Elize
    The purpose of the study was to analyse the effects of economic growth on the financial performance of Namibian listed companies and examine if the underlying effects are sector-specific. The measure used to assess the financial performance of selected sectors as identified on the NSX was the Return on Equity (ROE). The ROE was then regressed against the macroeconomic variables, including the gross domestic product percentage change (GDP % change) and the inflation rate percentage change as measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI % change) annual percentage changes. The estimation procedure was performed on secondary data across eleven firms for the periods 2010 to 2020. Additionally, the study was conducted across three identified sectors, the first being, Banks, Finance & Credit Services, the second, Food Retailers and Wholesalers and lastly, Household Goods and Personal Goods. The findings support the hypothesis that economic growth positively affects the ROE of various firms. However, this effect differs in terms of magnitude across various industries. In the Household goods sector and the Food Retailers and Wholesalers sector, the ROE is significantly influenced by the CPI percentage change, more so than the GDP percentage change. Finally, the Banking sector indicated that their ROE is more sensitive to changes in the GDP percentage change than the CPI percentage change. To enhance the financial performance of companies listed on the Namibian Stock Exchange, the study recommends that policymakers ensure the economy is geared toward a sustainable growth path.
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    An analysis of factors influencing housing affordability in Windhoek, Namibia
    (University of Namibia, 2017) Kgobetsi-Haradoes, Consetha D.
    Research has consistently shown the importance of the housing sector on the economy, the long-term social and financial benefits and failure of the housing market to provide an adequate supply of well-located affordable housing. Despite various initiatives by Government and non-governmental organizations, the housing sector is faced with a number of strategic challenges, which provide the basis for policy and strategy decisions by exposing the existing gaps in the housing industry in Namibia and the inability by low to middle income groups to afford housing. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing housing affordability for the low to middle income households in Windhoek, in relation to the Windhoek housing property market and review how various policies introduced by the Government have influenced the Namibian housing market. The study adopted a mixed research strategy. This involved close review of literature so as to enable the researcher to be familiar with the content and to gain an understanding of the themes and details in the text. The research instrument was pilot tested on five tenants residing in Hochland Park in Windhoek and guided interviews were conducted with the different selected income groups. Results revealed that housing affordability in Windhoek is influenced by a number of social, economic and Government or political factors such as immigration, education levels, income, taxation, interest rates, preference, construction cost and availability of serviced land. Results also revealed that the high cost of living negatively affects housing affordability which makes it challenging for the low and middle households to buy houses. In terms of housing policies and programmes, results underscore the fact that, there exists a number of these housing policies despite the fact that overall people, are not aware of most of these policies with the exception of the National housing enterprise (NHE) and National housing policy and that these policies in any case have not had any effect on the housing affordability as house prices still remain high in Namibia, which in a way poses a challenge particularly for the low to middle income households. Other mentioned challenges to affordable housing in Windhoek include the limited funding and increasing costs of building materials, bureaucracy, poor contractors, poor quality work and corruption are to blame for the negative influence on the housing market and housing affordability in Windhoek. The study recommends the need to reduce prices on housing, increase access to land and offer it at low costs, increase people’s salaries particularly the low to middle income households, enforce Government policies on housing, award the “right people” contracts to build houses of quality, and ensure strict adherence to Government set rules and regulations in executing various policies.
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    An analysis of the financial sustainability challenges faced by non-profit organisations in the health sector in Namibia
    (University of Namibia, 2023) Makwatikizo, Nancy
    This study explored the financial sustainability challenges faced by Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs) in the health sector in Namibia. The objectives of the study were to determine challenges faced by selected NPOs, determine the main source of funding for NPOs in Namibia after the reclassification as an upper middle-income country and finally, examine the impact that sole reliance on external donor funding has on programmes of the selected NPOs. The study mostly used a mixed methodology, and descriptive analysis was done. The targeted population was 100 drawn from five NGOs whose objectives are in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Social Services. The five NGOs are The society for Family Health (SFH), Namibia Planned Parenthood Association (NAPPA), HIV Clinicians Society, Mister Sister and Namibia Red Cross Society. The study found that reduced annual operational budgets and delayed program implementation are the current challenges NPOs are facing because of the economic crisis and COVID-19. Others listed the difficulties faced as a decline in the number of donors, financial crises, technology gaps, and management control. The research revealed, among other findings, that assistance from local governments is necessary for the financial sustainability of the programs and the continuity of NGOs. Additionally, it was recommended that the Government of the Republic of Namibia Incentivise NPOs' effectiveness, transparency and accountability. More NPOs discuss about gauging and marketing an organisation's social impact need to shift. Due to the difficulty of assessing social impact and the fact that it is still a relatively new idea in the industry, this is particularly tough. Most donors and foundations have the bad habit of viewing an NPO's overhead as the primary barometer of that organisation's success. NPOs are not ii challenging this notion enough. They should instead try to offer alternative measures that might reflect on the efficiency of their organisation
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    An analysis of the impact of reduced donor funding on sustainability of Namibia network of aids service organisations (NANASO)
    (University of Namibia, 2023) Lishoni, Bestinah Wanga
    The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of reduced funding on sustainability of the projects carried out by NGOs in Namibia. The sub objectives of the study was to analyse the impact of reduced level of financing by donors on the project sustainability of NANASO in Namibia, to analyse the impact of stakeholder participation on the project sustainability of NANASO in Namibia and finally to determine ways in which NANASO can become financially sustainable in the event of donor reduced funding. This study is significant to NANASO, other NGOs, the government, public and private sector, as well as researchers as it intends to identify the outcomes of reduced donor funding on NGO project sustainability. Sustainability of NANASO and other NGOs is crucial as their objectives and activities contributes to the reduction of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the community. The findings of this study will also serve as a basis for future research in the same line of study. The research design for this study was descriptive research design and was deemed suitable as it reported the situation as it is without changing any variables of the impact of reduced funding and sustainability of NGOs. The approach used to collect data for this study was a quantitative one. Probability sampling in the form of multi stage sampling was used to select the sample for the study from the population. Data was collected using questionnaires having both open and closed ended questions. Quantitative data was analysed through inferential statistics using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings of the study revealed that reduced donor funding has a negative impact on project sustainability as it impacts on the adequacy of resources needed for the project and on the attainment of objectives as there will be limited financial resources. It was recommended that to ensure project sustainability after reduced funding, ii NANASO should consider collaboration with other NGOs and also working closely with various stakeholders from both the public and private sectors
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    An analysis of the impact of transport infrastructure development on economic growth in Namibia
    (University of Namibia, 2021) Ananias, Maria Ndahambelela
    The main objective of the study was to measure the impact of transport infrastructure development on economic growth in Namibia for the period, 1990-2019. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was adopted in achieving the objectives of the study. The annual time series data was sourced from the World Bank Database and the Ministry of Finance. The unit root test was used to determine the order of integration, whilst the Johansen cointegration test was used to test for the existence of the long run relationship.The unit root test revealed that all the variables are integrated of order one. This warranted the estimation of the VECM which requires all the variables to be integrated of the same order. The Johansen cointegration test revealed a long run relationship amongst the variables, as it was confirmed by both the Trace and Maximum Eigen test statistic. The vector error correction provided both short and long run estimates. The findings revealed a negative long run relationship between expenditure on transport and gross domestic product. On the contrary, the short run estimates revealed a positive relationship between expenditure on transport and gross domestic product in Namibia. However, the relationship is statistically insignificant.
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    An analysis of the pricing mechanism of water in Namibia: A case study of NamWater
    (University of Namibia, 2020) Ndemuweda, Epifania
    Water is essential for the existence, development and preservation of all human life, making it an essential commodity in the world. Hence, this thesis aimed at analysing the pricing mechanism of water in Namibia, using a case study of NamWater. The study specifically looked at the water pricing mechanism being used by NamWater as well as the advantages and disadvantages of such a pricing mechanism. This study adopted a qualitative research method approach using a case study as the research design. The population consisted of all employees of NamWater and a sample of 35 staff members in the Finance Department was purposefully selected. Both secondary and primary data was used in the study; data was collected using a self-administered open ended questionnaire and interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse and present the data using tables, graphs and pie charts. The study found out that NamWater uses the cost recovery pricing mechanism because of its advantages and due to the fact that it is a widely used pricing mechanism. Therefore, the study concluded that NamWater can continue using its current pricing mechanisms and try to factor in recommendations herein provided in the study.
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    An analysis of the relationship between accounting indicators and share price on the Namibian stock exchange
    (University of Namibia, 2020) Tjiueza, Sharon Verora
    Extensive research has proven the stock market to be a catalyst for economic development, more so in emerging African economies. Over time, finance has established several methods used to evaluate performance of stock markets. One of these is the return model which describes the relationship between stock returns and accounting earnings, this model has roots in behavioral finance and is the reference point for this study. Other models have proven to be too complex for most small and developing stock markets, which generally suffer from low liquidity and low market capitalization. The major issue with the more sophisticated models is the set of assumptions which are not achievable by a market such as the Namibian Stock Exchange (NSX). In this study, the researcher has used panel regression analysis to propose a model that relates fundamental accounting indicators to the movement in stock prices of companies traded on the NSX. In doing so, the researcher found a number of statistically significant relationships between the latter and the former. Sales, earnings per share, dividend per share, market value and return on assets all showed positive relationships with the share price. However, the coefficient corresponding to return on assets was statistically insignificant while earnings per share showed the strongest significant relationship to the share price. Additionally, the results for net profit were unexpected as they indicate an inverse relationship with the share price. Ultimately, these findings allowed the researcher to draw conclusions about value relevance of accounting information presented by companies listed on the NSX. Such conclusion is that these statements produce information that is relevant to investors on this stock market and that explains why the study found positive relationships between the share price and accounting indicators that are calculated from these financial statements. The inferences drawn from the findings and the model produced by this study bring together the fields of accounting and finance and points to a pivotal interconnection of these disciplines on the NSX and that is peculiar to this study and is its main contribution to literature on these vital subjects.
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    Assessing the effects of financial literacy on the performance of small and medium enterprises in Windhoek
    (University of Namibia, 2022) Murangi, Asnath Kavena
    Financial literacy is one of the key factors for the effective operation of businesses including SMEs. Thus, the lack of financial training (financial knowledge) and poor financial management capacity could be detrimental to the effective management of business resources. This study assessed the effects of financial literacy on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Windhoek. For data collection, the study drew a sample of 100 registered SMEs (50 SMEs that attended the financial literacy training and 50 SMEs who did not attended the financial literacy training) using stratified and simple random sampling methods and structured questionnaires. The study applied an ordinary least squares technique to examine the determinants and effects of financial literacy on the performance of SMEs in Windhoek. The results suggest that tertiary education and financial literacy training significantly influences financial knowledge. The study finds that attending the financial literacy training programme significantly increases the composite score index of financial knowledge by 0.04 units while being 30 – 50 years old significantly increases the index by 0.07 units. Completing tertiary education significantly increases the financial knowledge index by 0.10 units. Therefore, ensuring participation in the financial training initiative and educational attainment of individuals enhances the level of financial knowledge of SMEs. Financial literacy training and financial knowledge are both important determinants of the performance of SMEs in Windhoek. Specifically, a unit increase in the composite index of financial knowledge significantly increases the composite score of business performance by 0.16 units and attending the financial literacy training significantly increases the composite index of business performance by 0.14 units. Gender, number of dependents, age of business, business type, business ownership and educational attainment are also important in explaining the performance of SMEs. This suggests that policy options that promote financial literacy and financial knowledge will enhance the performance of SMEs in Windhoek.
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    Assessment of challenges faced by start-up entrepreneurs in accessing funding in Namibia: Case of Windhoek
    (University of Namibia, 2022) Thomas, Teodensia Pehovelo
    The high unemployment rate and poverty have driven many people to become innovative and start their own businesses. However, for some of these businesses to exist or develop, they need start-up capital or funding from financial service institutions. It is however imperative to assess the challenges faced by start-ups in Namibia when accessing funding for their businesses. The problem is that the Ministry of Industry, Trade & SME Development acknowledged that start-ups access to funding in Namibia has not been a priority to traditional financial institutions as they perceived SMEs to be high-risk investments because about 97% of Namibian SMEs are considered non-bankable. Therefore, the study explores the challenges faced by start-up entrepreneurs when accessing funding to grow their businesses in Windhoek. The study adopted a qualitative research approach where 15 start-up business owners (5x SMEs from Bokamoso Incubation Centre, 5x SMEs from Oshetu Community Market (Single Quarters) and 5x SMEs from Katutura Youth Complex participants) were interviewed. Findings indicate that start-ups longed to access funding to boost their businesses but were ignorant of the requirements needed by financial institutions. With regards to factors that hindered start-ups from accessing funding from financial institutions, start-ups experienced difficulties due to lack of collateral, absence of proper business plans and financial statements, lack of evidence that show business capacity and lack of experience in the business venture and management skills. To improve access to funding, it was suggested for financial institutions to be inclusive in their provision of funding to businesses, sacrifice some risk capital for start-ups as well as train and mentor startups on applying for funding. Furthermore, the government was to bail out start-ups, build more incubation spaces and ensure a conducive environment for start-ups to operate their businesses and grow them.
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    An assessment of the economic effects of anti-money laundering in Namibia
    (University of Namibia, 2020) Erastus, Paulus
    This study provided comprehensive details and assessment on the economic effects of anti-money laundering in Namibia. The mixed method was used to describe and analyse money laundering and financing terrorism in Namibia. The study also used a regression model to analyse the effect of money laundering on the economy. The topic is vital with regards to the main findings that revealed that money-laundered negatively affects economic growth. Corruption and tax evasion were identified as the biggest contributors to the problem. The discussion on the effective implementation of the Financial Action Task Force recommendations were performed. There is therefore a low rate of successful prosecution and convictions on money laundering in Namibia. Namibia has shown significant improvement since the previous mutual evaluation in 2005. The country has also shown commitment in preparation for the upcoming mutual evaluation in 2020. The areas that require improvement relate to the prosecution and convictions on money laundering offenses. Overall, there are significant cases of money laundering in Namibia, and legislations in that regard are already in place. Various cases on money laundering are discussed to provide an overview of the problem, as well as effectiveness of the combating systems and mechanisms. The study provided the statistics mainly from the Financial Intelligence Centre as an overview of the magnitude of the suspicious transaction and activity reports involving money laundering. The risk is noted on the statistics regarding the electronic and international fund transfer and cash transaction reports, which gives an overview and magnitude of the financial flows within financial institutions. Overall, Namibia seems to be in a progressive system to address threats and vulnerabilities; however, there are gaps that negatively impede the effectiveness of the national anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism.
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    An assessment of the impact of human resource, organisational and institutional development on the financial performance of the municipality of Karibib
    (2014) Odero, Edwins
    For more than a decade, human resource, organizational and institutional developments have become indispensable dimensions of Namibia’s socio economic development agenda, particularly of her system-wide financial performance. This study was set out to explore and establish the human resource, organizational and institutional development challenges facing the Municipality of Karibib within the context of financial performance. The central argument of the study is that human resource, organizational and institutional development is in theory and practice, a means to improving local governance and provision of high quality public services that citizen’s value. Adopting an exploratory case study design, the study triangulated both secondary and primary sources of data. Primary data was collected using self –completing questionnaire and interview schedule tools covering 105 employees .Semi structured interviews also solicited views from senior officers and managers in the Municipality of Karibib. These primary sources were complemented with relevant secondary data from the organization investigated. The study result shows that the Municipality of Karibib’s human resource, organizational and institutional development policies has influenced the strategic direction of financial performance policies of the local government. Major human resource, organizational and institutional development challenges manifest three-dimensionally as policy, task organization and performance motivation induced. Addressing the human resource, organizational and institutional developments challenges has enormous strategic and financial performance implications for policy makers in the Municipality due to its reliance on external donors for funding.
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    Cash flows and operating loss in a parastatal: A study of Air Namibia for the period from 10 April 2006 to 31 March 2011
    (2013) Hishitongo, Jeremia T.
    The purpose of this study was to study the cash flows and operating loss in a parastatal – Air Namibia (Pty) Ltd for the period 01 April 2006 to 31 March 2011. This problem was chosen by the researcher to investigate the root causes of operational loss and cash flow problem faced by the parastatal. The study revealed that the Air Namibia (Pty) Ltd had been incurring losses for all financial years starting from 01 April 2006 to 31 March 2011. The airline’s direct operating expenses exceeded the sales revenues prohibiting the airline to breakeven. The airline needed funds to finance its operations and to be able to remain afloat. If it was not the government bailout, the national airline would have been closed and liquidated. The airline experienced going concern problem, because its liabilities exceeded the assets. Air Namibia (Pty) Ltd was the worst performing airline and was the only airline that made operational losses throughout the study period. Air Namibia (Pty) Ltd is 100 per cent owned by the government, contrasting Kenya Airways, for example, which is privately owned. The operational decisions taken by Kenya Airways are more of profit oriented, while the ones for Air Namibia (Pty) Ltd are more of social oriented and politically influenced. Kenya Airways only flies to routes which are profitable and eliminated those routes which were not profitable, while Air Namibia (Pty) Ltd would fly routes depending on the social needs irrespective whether it is profitable or not. The researcher concluded that if the management and the shareholder, which is the government, do not come up with a strategic plan that will turn around the airline operations in order to move from loss making to profitable one, the airline might continue to struggle and incur huge losses and require government bailouts in foreseeable future.
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    Challenges facing informal economy social security in Namibia
    (University of Namibia, 2014) Tjivikua, Kenandei
    The study intended to explore ways in which the financing or funding constraints faced by sse in the provision of social security benefits to the informal economy can be overcome. The study differs from other studies, g1ven that it aimed to unearth the financing constraints that may be faced by sse in the provision of social protection or security to the informal sector in Namibia and suggest strategies that may help in resolving this intricate problem and assist with transforming the economic landscape. The study is relevant and significant, because it may help in promoting essential plans and strategies in the funding of social protection or security schemes, especially for social security institutions. It would also be useful for people in the public service, policymakers and technocrats as it will assist them in understanding the dimensions of the problem of mancing social security/protection and the need for provision of social security to the informal sector better and in the execution of their responsibilities. The study employed a historical qualitative research approach. In particular, it critically examined the current provisions of social protection schemes in Namibia and fmancing thereof including those for the informal sector. Data was collected from a representative sample through the use of questionnaires and conducting interviews with key-informants from informal sector representatives, research institutions as well as a selected number of informal sector operators and workers. The study also surveyed relevant literature, which comprises of transaction records, relevant laws, regulations and policies. Present laws, regulations and policies that have shaped the state of financing of the current social security schemes have been reviewed. The provision of medical benefit (combined with health insurance), which was followed by pension benefits, were identified as critical needs of the different segments of the informal economy that need to be developed and implemented by Government and SSC. The study suggests a framework for the extension of social security coverage to informal economy in Namibia and the financing thereof. Further, it suggests that a social protection expenditure and performance review (SPER) be undertaken by the Namibian Government.
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    Characterisation and production performance of indigenous chickens in northern Namibia regions
    (2011) Petrus, Ndilokelwa P.
    Farmers in all the studied regions regard poultry production as their primary source of domestic animal protein, with the domestic fowl being the most widely kept poultry species. Other uses are participation in socio - cultural ceremonies, sellingfor money and gifts. The extensive system of management is the most frequent. This system requires minimal costs, but mortalities due to disease and predation are very high, and chicken production is low and irregular. The study confirmed the use of local knowledge by some farmers (13.7) in treating diseases. However, about (64) of the interviewed rural farmers did not treat their chickens. Numbers of birds per household in the entire region visited ranged from ten to fifteen per household. The adult body weights of females were found to range from 0.95 - 1.25 kg and adult males between 1.5- 2.0 kg. Scavenging system was the mode offeeding although birds were also supplemented with unknown quantities of pearl millet and it done ones. Rudimentary housing was available for indigenous chickens in 78 of the total households visited during rainy season only. The external characteristics of indigenous chickens in the four Northern regions showed the absence of autosomal dominant gene (I) that encoded for white plumage colour. Hence the study concluded that white leghorn might not have been introduced in Namibia. The single comb typewas the commonest of the comb type observed in the chickens surveyed. 53.9 of the chickens had single comb, while 38.0 and 9.6had rose and pea combs respectively. Average heterozygosity in the sub population was 0.0453 for Oshana, 0.1384 for Omusati, 0.0718 for Ohangwena a 0.221 for Kavango and these results indicated high level of inbreeding in the population. Principal component analysis was used to determine the genetic relationship of chickens between and within the four regions. Both scatter plot and phyllogenetic tree formed four major groupings and three sub-groupings with some overlapping. Based on this, the Kavango chickens were separated from the other Northern regions chicken populations. The same was also seen on the comb types where chickens from Kavango exhibited only a single comb type while the rest of the regions had the combinations of rose, pea and single combs. The experiment on the production performance and growth response of growing indigenous chickens was done for 32 weeks using 3 dietary protein levels. The experimental chickens were offered diets and water ad libitum with high and low protein level whereas the controls were fed on locally- available feed materials. Feed intake and mortality were recorded weekly. Mortality of chicks aged between 1-8 weeks of rearing was (28), those aged between 9-21 weeks (14.4) and those aged between 21 -32 weeks (5.6). There was no significant difference (P0.05) between body weight of chickens fed on high and those that were fed on low protein diet. However, the body weight of chickens fed on low and high protein were not significantly (P0.05) higher than those in the control group. The results of the analysis showed that varyingdietary protein level had a significant effect (P0.05) on nutrients deposited in chicken carcass especially a crude protein, energy and ash. Key words: Characterization, Production system, disease, indigenous chicken, feeding and blood typing
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    A comparative analysis of the accounting practices of micro-business in Windhoek: A case study of micro-business in incubators and those outside the incubators
    (University of Namibia, 2017) Nepaya, Paulina H.
    The micro-business sector in Namibia plays a major role towards job creation. Micro-businesses in Namibia contribute about 14% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and also employ a significant number of youth. Though small in size, they impact the social lives of citizens and enhance national development. The study focused on comparing and analysing the bookkeeping and accounting practices inside and outside the Bokamoso Incubation Centre in Windhoek. The data collection instruments used were self-administered and key informant questionnaires. Quantitative data collected was analysed through One-Way Anova and qualitative data was analysed through the Creswell Model (2009). A mixed research methodology was applied to carry out the study. From the results of the study, it was evident that, if the sector is to grow, much needs to be done about the bookkeeping and accounting practices by micro-business enterprises. On the basis of the research findings and a comparison of information gained through the review of related literature, the major gaps identified were a lack of accounting skills and proper record keeping, as well as an inability to maintain bank accounts. Recommendations were made with the view of assisting the micro-business sector in Namibia. The major recommendations focus on the training of the owners/managers and staff members to equip them with adequate knowledge and skills. Hiring of competent consultants was viewed as critical to the micro-business enterprises as it was deemed to encourage organisations to have well-prepared financial statements and to gain advice derived from well-experienced business experts. As part of the recommendations, all cash received should be banked in order for micro-businesses to account properly for their cash operations. The growth of the sector was determined by financial discipline and accountability which was highly recommended in the study.
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    The effect of exchange rate risk on stock market returns at the Namibia stock exchange
    (University of Namibia, 2020) Shinkeva, Lazarus Mangundu
    Studies on the effect of exchange rate risk on stock market returns have received prominent attention in literature. This is due to the important role that stock markets play in the mobilization of capital that has the potential to create economic and social development. The researcher used an experimental research design to evaluate the magnitude and statistical significance of the effects of exchange rate risk on stock market returns on the Namibian Stock Exchange (NSX). Secondary data in the form of monthly time series for the period 2010-2018 was sourced from the Central Bank of Namibia (BoN), Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA) and the Namibia Stock Exchange (NSX). An Error Correction Model (ECM) framework was used in the parameter estimation after extracting exchange rate risk. Thereafter, granger causality was employed to examine the direction of causality between exchange rate and stock market returns. Several interesting results were obtained. Firstly, empirical results indicate that, in the long-run, exchange rate risk (-0.61), CPI (1.69), and prime rate (-1.35) are significant variables while GDP growth is an insignificant variable on NSX stock returns. Furthermore, an increase in exchange rate risk and prime rate negatively affect the NSX stock returns while it is positively affected by increases in CPI. Secondly, there exists a significant long-run relationship between exchange rate risk and NSX stock market returns with no significant short-run relationship. Lastly, the direction of causality runs from stock prices to exchange rate risk which is consistent with the portfolio adjustment theory. Based on these findings, the study recommends for the Government of Namibia to put in place policies that promote stable exchange rates thereby reduce the exchange rate risk and ultimately enhance stock market returns.