Browse
Recent Submissions
Item In Vitro antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates obtained from selected Namibian fresh water fish(University of Namibia, 2025) Shangwa, Takudzwa W.; Kapewangolo, PetrinaConsumers seek for functional foods that promote health and prevent certain diseases in addition to providing nutritional requirements. Namibian fresh water fish species are a promising functional food. There is currently no information available on the antioxidant activity of fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) from the following Namibian fresh water fish species; Clarias gariepinus (Sharptooth catfish), Clarias ngamensis (Blunttooth catfish), Schilbe intermedius (Silver catfish), Serranochromis macrocephalus (Purple-faced largemouth) and Tilapia acuticeps (Zambezi bream). The study was aimed at evaluating freshwater river fish as potential sources of antioxidants. In this study, FPHs (Fish protein hydrolysates) were prepared with hydrochloric acid, proteinase K and trypsin. FPHs were prepared from C. gariepinus, C. ngamensis, S. intermedius and S. macrocephalus muscle using enzymatic hydrolysis with proteinase K and trypsin at an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:25 for 240 min. Antioxidant activity was determined on fish protein hydrolysates using the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid (DPPH), ,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and reducing power assays. Protein hydrolysates exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. S. macrocephalus exhibited the highest ferric acid reducing activity of around 0.07 which was comparable to the standard at 700nm. Trypsin hydrolysates of S. intermedius recorded the highest ABTS antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 3.555 ± 0.024 mg/mL concentration. The highest antioxidant activity was noticed with trypsin hydrolysates of S. macrocephalus on ABTS radical with an IC50 of 2.485 ± 0.0645 mg/mL. ABTS assay for the fish protein hydrolysates was the most sensitive, since it gave a high optical density value at lower concentration compared to DPPH and ii reducing power assays. In addition, acid hydrolysis was a better and more suitable method of biopeptide production. Lastly, trypsin and 6M Hydrochloric acid hydrolysates had higher activity compared to proteinase k hydrolysates. The study reviewed that small indigenous freshwater (S. intermedius, S. microcephalus and T. acuticeps) fish possessed more antioxidant activity compared to large indigenous freshwater fish (C. ngamensis and C. gariepinus). In conclusion, fish protein hydrolysates of selected Namibian freshwater fish present a potential as functional foods and as natural food supplementsItem Synergetic antimicrobial activity of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic Fungi and actinobacteria associated with Cassia Abbreviata oli. Subsp. Beareana (Holmes) Brenan(University of Namibia, 2025) Sinvula, Calvin A.; Uzabakiriho, Jean DamasceneThis study was designed to investigate antimicrobial activities in both axenic and interkingdom microbial fermentations of fungal and bacteria strains associated with the roots of a medicinal plant Cassis abbreviata. A diverse range of microorganisms, including Streptomyces, Patulibacter, Nocardiopsis, Rhodococcus, Curtobacterium, Bacillus cereus, Aspergillus, Paecilomyces, Trichoderma, Curvularia, and Epicoccum, were isolated the roots of Cassis abbreviata. PKS-I and NRPS gene clusters were also amplified. Isolates possessing at least one of these biosynthetic genes exhibited activity against at least more than one of the tested pathogens. The ethyl acetate extracts antimicrobial potential from 21- and 28-days incubation was evaluated against Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium avium, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans using the disk diffusion method. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in inhibition zones between the two culture techniques (p = 0.124). However, notable extracts emerged; the 28- days fermented axenic extracts of Bacillus cereus and Trichoderma longibrachiatum and their 21- days co-culture extract showed significant good result against all test pathogens (p= 0.00). T. longibrachiatum and the co-culture extracts demonstrated a significant broad-spectrum potential against all test pathogens, with the co-culture demonstrating the highest zones of inhibition. Moreover, B. cereus extract inhibited only bacterial indicator microorganisms. Secondary metabolites from T. longibrachiatum and the 21- days co-culture extracts of Bacillus cereus and Trichoderma longibrachiatum were confirmed with TLC, which revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and phenols. Additionally, terpenoids were detected in the coculture extract only. The synergistic effect of combining the co-culture extract of 21- day incubation of B. cereus and T. longibrachiatum with the antibiotic nitrofurantoin, ii was demonstrated. It was observed that the inhibitory effect of both nitrofurantoin and the co-culture extract on the pathogen reduced by eight-fold. These results indicate that the endophytic fungi and bacteria from the C. abbreviata could be a potential source for bioactive antimicrobial compoundsItem An evaluation of food safety management and hygiene practices by local informal food vendors: A case study of Ekutu open market, Kuisebmund, Walvis Bay, Erongo region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Shiindi, Sally Johanna; Uzabakiriho, Jean DamasceneThis study evaluated food safety management and hygiene practices among local informal food vendors at Ekutu open market in Kuisebmund, Walvis Bay, Namibia. Although informal food vending plays an important role in food access for low-income communities, limited regulatory oversight poses food safety challenges. The research aimed to assess vendor’s food handling practices, food safety knowledge, cleaning & disinfection efficacy (270 swabs) and the microbiological quality 17 of ready-to-eat foods (rice, salads, soup, spinach, porridge, fish, meat), 16 uncooked foods (raw bovine meat, fish, chicken and dried products (mopane worms, spinach, meat, fish, flour, beans), fruit (1) and milk(3). The data was gathered using structured questionnaires and direct observations using a rapid food hygiene inspection tool. Majority of the vendors were female (81%) over the age of 42, with 58% lacking food vending licenses. Compliance with handwashing practices was high, though lapses were identified in areas such as food covering (68%) and water reuse for cleaning utensils (75%) non-compliances. Microbiological analyses for swabs showed high total viable colony counts on dining tables and cutting boards, averaging 2.79 log cfu/cm² and 2.30 log cfu/cm² respectively, even after cleaning. Food samples revealed microbial loads, exceeding safety thresholds. Escherichia coli was detected in cooked rice (4.58 log cfu/cm²) and on several food contact surfaces. Statistical analysis showed a significant decline in the average % cleaning & disinfection efficacy from 63% (morning) to 13.6% (afternoon), with significant variance by surface type (p<0.001). These findings underscore critical gaps in food safety, revealing associations between vendor food safety knowledge and practices, particularly in prevention of cross-contamination and temperature control. To address these risks, the study recommends standardizing cleaning protocols in informal food markets, enforcement of compulsory hygiene pre-requisites programs through systematic hygiene monitoring programs and implementation of continuous training programs tailored to the local contextsItem Activated carbon from waste paper for the removal of contaminants from wastewater(University of Namibia, 2025) Willemse, Viola-de Amor Chantall P.; Rahman, AteeqWater pollution is a critical global issue caused by toxic industrial pollutants that threaten both human health and the environment. These contaminants include organic compounds (such as dyes, pesticides, surfactants, and pharmaceuticals) and inorganic substances like sulphates, nitrates, chlorides, and phosphates. Among the treatment methods available, activated carbon (AC) stands out for its high adsorption capacity and cost-effectiveness. This study aimed to produce activated carbon from waste copy paper using physical and chemical activation methods, with 5% phosphoric acid used for chemical activation. Waste paper was first de-inked using a flotation solution of 1% sodium hydroxide, 1% sodium silicate, and oleic acid, followed by pyrolysis at 600 °C for 2 hours. The resulting ACs were characterised using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), along with measurements of pH, density, solubility, and proximate properties. FTIR analysis of chemically activated carbon revealed O–H and C–H stretching vibrations, C–O bonds, and phosphate-related groups (P–O and P=O), indicating successful incorporation of functional groups from phosphoric acid. In contrast, the physically activated carbon showed C=C stretching and aromatic C–H bending vibrations. SEM images confirmed a more porous and tubular morphology for the chemically activated sample, while the physically activated carbon appeared denser with irregular granules. BET results showed higher surface area for chemical activation (678.01 m²/g) than physical activation (455.22 m²/g). Additionally, the chemically activated sample had higher fixed carbon (64.91%) and yield (24.2%), while the physically activated carbon showed higher pH (10.94) and density (0.94 g/cm³). Both ACs achieved over 80% removal efficiency for methylene blue and methyl orange dyes, highlighting their effectiveness. Thus, this research study will be of interest to water treatment utilities. Moreover, the research will contribute new knowledge and a better understanding of activated carbon from waste paperItem Aluminium and nickel-doped zinc oxide thin films fabricated through the aqueous spray-coating method and evaluations of their photocatalytic activities(University of Namibia, 2025) Titus, Wilka N.; Hishimore, PhilipusThis work introduces the aqueous spray-coating method to address the challenges in the fabrication of thin films for photocatalytic applications. The aqueous spray-coating method has shown to be an effective method for the fabrication of undoped, aluminium (Al), and nickel (Ni)-doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films on quartz glass substrates with many advantages, such as simple instrumentation set-up, inexpensiveness, the ease of controlling the rate of deposition, and high yield. An aluminium (Al3+) complex salt was synthesised in this study as a source of Al3+ ions in the prepared precursor solutions for fabricating Al-doped ZnO thin films. The synthesised complex was characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The various thin films were fabricated by depositing the prepared aqueous precursor solutions containing Zn2+ complexes alone as well as Zn2+ with varying mole percentages (2, 4, 8, and 16%) of Al3+ or Ni2+ complexes onto pre-heated quartz glass substrates, and the as-sprayed films were heat-treated at 450oC for 30 minutes. The structural, optical, morphological, and photocatalytic characteristics of the fabricated thin films were evaluated using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD results revealed that the fabricated thin films have a hexagonal wurtzite phase. The optical properties (absorbance and transmittance) of the fabricated thin films were analysed using the UV–Vis spectrophotometer, and all the fabricated thin films showed high transmittance in the visible region over 70%, even after Al and Ni doping. Experiments on methyl orange dye degradation in the presence of the fabricated thin films under visible light showed that Al-doped ZnO exhibits good photocatalytic activities that increase with an increase in the doping mole% of Al. On the contrary, Ni-doped ZnO thin films exhibited a very slight to no degradation of the methyl orange dye under the ii same conditions. The highest degradation efficiency was obtained for 8% Al-doped ZnO thin films under visible light irradiationItem Assessment and characterization of human bacterial Diarrheapathogens in street-vended ready-to-eat meats in Havana informal settlement, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Ndjabayondume, Hilma N.; Misihairabgwi, JaneThe study aimed to evaluate and characterize human diarrhea pathogens potentially present in street-vended ready-to-eat meats sold in Havana, Windhoek. A total of fifty (50) samples, including fresh beef, dried beef (biltong/droëwors), polony, sausages, fish, and chicken, were assessed for the prevalence of diarrhea pathogens (Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). Selective media and biochemical confirmation tests were used for the assessment of bacterial pathogens, and a multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction system (Seeplex®Diarrhea-B1/B2 Ace detection kit) was employed for the detection and characterization of additional diarrhea pathogens (Vibrio spp, Campylobacter spp, Clostridioides difficile toxin B, E. coli O157:H7, Clostridium. perfringens, Yersinia enterocolitica, Verocytotoxin-producing E. coli, and Aeromonas spp). Results showed positive findings for aerobic plate count (80%), E. coli (46%), S.aureus (36%), Shigella (46%), and Salmonella (24%). Mean microbial counts were 5.15±0.32 log cfu/g for aerobic plate counts, 3.22±0.30 log cfu/g for E. coli, 3.27±0.54 log cfu/g for S.aureus, and 3.80±0.57 log cfu/g for Shigella. Unsatisfactory levels were recorded in 18% ofthe samples for aerobic plate count, E. coli (46%), S.aureus (12%), Shigella (46%), and Salmonella(24%). From the Seeplex system, additional enteric pathogens were detected, including Campylobacter spp., C. difficile toxin B, E. coli O157:H7, and O157, C. perfringens, and Y. enterocolitica. Vibrio spp was present in 2% of the Russian sausage meat sample. With the B2 system, C. perfringens was detected in 38% of samples, E. coli O157:H7 in 32%, E. coli O157 in 20%, and Y. enterocolitica in 14%. ii Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between dried beef (biltong/droëwors) and fresh beef, chicken, and fish samples for aerobic plate count, with dried beef samples recording higher APC. No significant differences were observed between samples for E. coli, S. aureus, and ShigellaItem Prevalence and factors influencing family planning utilization amongst women of childbearing age, Opuwo constituency, Kunene region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Haipinge, Ester; Katangolo, NakashwaThis study aimed to determine the factors that influence family planning uptalization among women of childbearing age (15-49) in Opuwo Constituency, Kunene Region, 2024. The quantitative analytical cross-sectional study design was employed, surveying 552 women aged 15-49. Data was collected using structured questionnaires translated into the local Otjiherero language. The study found that only 28.8% of women reported ever using contraceptives, with significant variations observed across different age groups, tribes, and educational levels. Educational attainment was positively correlated with contraceptive use (p<0.05), underscoring the importance of education in reproductive health decisions. Women often cited side effects from contraceptives 80 (20.3%), and logistical challenges such as distance to health facilities 107 (27.2%) as reasons for non-use. The research identified critical barriers that women in Opuwo, Kunene Region, face in practicing family planning. Though the awareness level for contraceptive methods is generally high, actual utilization rates are very low due to cultural, socio-economic, and logistical barriers. Addressing cultural norms requires culturally sensitive educational programs, improved access to healthcare services, and community engagement to address misconceptions while incorporating local beliefs when promoting the benefits of family planning. These interventions can empower women to make informed reproductive choices. The findings provide a foundation for policymakers and health program implementers to develop targeted strategies to enhance FP services and utilization in NamibiaItem Seed bacterization with plant growth-promoting endophytes: Impact on Okra productivity, nutraceuticals and antimicrobial properties(University of Namibia, 2025) Ginindza, Thembakazi; Uzabakiriho, Jean DamasceneThe growing challenges of population expansion, climate change, rising food costs, and unpredictable rainfall patterns have intensified the need for sustainable agricultural practices that boost crop productivity while minimising environmental impacts. One promising strategy involves the combined use of plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria (PGPEB) with the environmentally friendly hydroponic technique to enhance plant growth and functional quality. This study investigated the influence of seed bacterization with three PGPEB strains, Kosakonia cowanii (KC), Bacillus licheniformis (BL), and Cupriavidus metallidurans (CM), previously isolated from Myrothamnus flabellifolius, on the productivity, nutraceutical accumulation, and antimicrobial activity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) under hydroponic (Kratky method) conditions. Okra seeds were soaked in single and combined bacterial inocula, germinated under dark conditions, and cultivated in a randomised complete block design with three plants per pot, four replications, and eight treatments. Results revealed significant improvements (P < 0.001) in seed germination percentage and seedling vigour index among inoculated treatments compared to controls, with KC and CM demonstrating strong individual and synergistic effects. BL was notably more effective when used in combination with other bacteria. Furthermore, methanolic extracts of okra pods from bacterized plants exhibited enhanced nutraceutical properties, including elevated total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (up to 91% DPPH inhibition), and increased inhibition of α-amylase (92%) and αglucosidase (88%), key enzymes linked to diabetes management. Thin-layer chromatography confirmed the presence of carotenes, while polysaccharides were detected across all treatments. Antimicrobial assays revealed substantial activity against pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus, with the strongest effects observed in methanolic extracts of BL-CM consortia. These findings underscore the potential of PGPEB consortia as eco-friendly bio-stimulants to enhance okra seedling establishment, yield functional bioactive compounds, and contribute to sustainable agriculture and novel nutraceutical and antimicrobial development. Further exploration of PGPEB-based biofertilizers may offer solutions for addressing chronic diseases and rising antibiotic resistanceItem Composition, spatial abundance, co-occurrence and host preference of mistletoes in the Central highland savanna of Namibia(University of Namibia, 2021) Ondigo, Lilian K.; Kwembeya, E. G.Aerial parasitic plants, commonly called mistletoes, are a polyphyletic group of organisms with a common evolutionary ancestor. This study was aimed at determining composition, spatial abundance within hosts, co-occurrence and host preference of mistletoes in the central highland savannas. The study site was divided into four sampling areas based on the presence of the distribution records of the species. Forty circular plots were demarcated and for every infested host plant species within these plots, canopy height, two diameter measurements at approximately 90", number of mistletoes, mistletoe species were recorded. All non-infested plant species within the plot were also identified and their abundances were recorded. Based on field records and herbarium records, four mistletoe species were identified and mapped namely; Oncocalyx welwitschii, Plicosepalus kalachariensis, and Tapinanthus oleifolius, belonging to the Family Loranthaceae and, Viscum rotundifolium which belongs to Family Viscaceae. A simple linear regression model established that canopy volume accounted for 12% of the variation in mistletoe abundance (R2 = 0.12, p < 0.001). However, canopy diameter was a better predictor of mistletoe abundance than canopy volume and accounted 20% of the variation in mistletoe abundance within the host canopy (R2 = 0.20, p = 0.0003). Canopy volume was a poor predictor because it might have included branches of various sizes even those that do not support mistletoe establishment. Also gaps within the host canopy as well as the extent and positioning of branches might have led to an overestimation of the actual volume of the host canopy that can potentially be infested by parasites. The results further revealed a statistically significant relationship between mistletoe abundance and vertical canopy position (x2 = 67.089, df = 6, p < 0.00 l) with most mistletoes occurring in the lower and middle third of the canopy of the host plant. The presence of V. rotundifolium and P. kalachariensis on the lower third of the canopy of the host plant could be explained by habitat preference and deposition behaviour of the Red faced mousebird ( Urocolius indicus). This means that the selection of this bird species for lower third of canopy for nesting and roosting, results in defecating of seeds more frequently on this part. On the contrary, the distribution ofT. oleifolius and 0. welwitschii in the middle third of the canopy could have been due to perch preference of the Yellow-fronted Tinker Barbets (Pogoniulus chrysoconus). It is possible they perch in the middle third of the canopy because there is a low risk of predation. Also, it could be that the branches inItem Effect of land degradation on the above-ground vegetation and soil seed bank of a Rangeland in Kunene region Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Nghikwafelwa, Iyaloo; Nesongano, Wellencia ClaraLand degradation is a global threat to ecological, economic, and social sustainability, particularly in semi-arid and arid regions such as Namibia. Degradation is affecting above ground vegetation and seed bank composition, hindering their recovery. To address this issue, it is crucial to assess land conditions at different levels and develop effective strategies for restoring degraded rangeland. The understanding of how land degradation impacts the seed bank composition could provide insights into the potential for natural regeneration and the need for active restoration efforts. This study assessed and compared the characteristics of the aboveground vegetation and soil seed bank at sites of varying degrees of degradation in the Kunene Region of Namibia. A total of three sites were identified per level of degradation. At each site, two belt transects were set up, and five quadrats were sampled along each transect. Woody plant species were identified and counted in a 20 x 20 m quadrat, while herbaceous plants were assessed in a 1 m2 quadrant, nested within the larger quadrat. Soil cores samplers measuring 9.7 cm in diameter and 5 cm in depth were obtained using a soil drill at the centre of the 20 x 20 m quadrat. The species diversity, richness, density, and regeneration of the above-ground vegetation showed an ascending pattern along the degradation gradient from high to low. The dominant species in moderate and low degradation sites was Catophractes alexandri, while Pechuel-Loeschea leubnitziae was the dominant species in high degradation sites. Seed bank species diversity and density increased along the degradation gradient from low to high. Though the high degradation sites recorded the highest density and diversity of seed banks, most of these plants were annual herbaceous species, including alien invasive species, namely Datura stramonium. Perennial grasses, with high fodder value, were replaced by annual species in soil seed banks due to degradation. Perennial species dominated low- and moderate-degradation sites. In the seed bank, a few woody species were found at low and moderate degradation sites, while no woody species were found at high degradation sites. The findings emphasise the current and future challenges to the study region and that restoring woody vegetation from soil seed banks has limited potential, hence highlighting and recommending the need for further researchItem Effects of acc deaminase-producing plant growth-promoting bacteria from myrothamnus flabellifolius (welw.) On wheat growth under drought stress(University of Namibia, 2025) Frans, Esther Ndatala; Uzabakiriho, J.D.The rise in global population compounded by global climatic patterns continue to drastically aggravate arid regions with susceptibility to various abiotic stress conditions. This situation impacts agricultural sustainability, further compromising food security. However, plants growing in hostile environments have become well adapted to their habitats, employing strategies to mitigate the impacts of drought stress by mutualistic association and interaction with 1-aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate (ACC) deaminase plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). This study was therefore, designed to isolate, characterize and identify bio-prospective ACC deaminase PGPB associated with Myrothamnus flabellifolius (Welw.), a Namibian desert-adapted plant. A total of 52 isolates of bacteria were isolated from M. flabellifolius of which 33 underwent molecular identification using 16S rRNA, acdS, and nifH gene sequence alignment, and 29 were further characterized for plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. Ten different genera namely Bacillus (12), Pseudomonas (6), Cupriavidus (5), Enterobacteriacea (2), Kosakonia (3), Agrobacterium (1), Klebsiella (1), Staphylococcus (1), Enterobacter (1) and Cellulosimicrobium (1) were identified, with Bacillus as the most abundant genera (36.4%). Isolates were selected for their ability to produce ACC deaminase and other PGP traits, and drought tolerance evaluated using four different polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 concentrations. From the 29 isolates that were characterized and deemed positive for ACC deaminase, the highest ACC deaminase activity value was exhibited by Bacillus licheniformis (R13) 0.0013 ± 0.01 mM of α-ketobutyrate. The highest drought tolerance at 30% PEG 6000 was exhibited by Staphylococcus hominis (LB3) and Bacillus licheniformis (R13), 0.52 ± 0.37 and 0.35 ± 0.18 respectively. Three ACC deaminase-producing strains, coupled with PGP traits and ii drought stress tolerance, Kosakonia sp., Cupriavidus metallidurans, and Pseudomonas sp. were selected and evaluated for their response to improve wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germination and early growth under drought stress. Proline levels and enzymatic activity were evaluated on seedlings. Seed treatment with Kosakonia sp. strain displayed significant growth enhancement (P<0.005) in various growth parameters evaluated under drought stress conditions in contrast to Pseudomonas sp. C. metallidurans and the control. Proline levels significantly differed across categories of bacterial isolate treatments (P<0.01), with Kosakonia sp. treated seeds exhibiting the highest level of proline per fresh weight (29.5 µmoles/g) and Pseudomonas sp. exhibiting the lowest (6.5 µmoles/g). There was no significant difference in levels of proline produced during various PEG-induced drought conditions. Enzymatic activity (α-amylase) was significantly influenced by bacterial treatments with the control significantly reducing the enzymatic activity in contrast to other treatments. This study showed that reducing water potential decreases germination percentage (GP) and various growth parameters. Additionally, bacterial isolates such as Kosakonia sp. have the potential to promote growth and serve as potential microbes in the development of effective bioinoculants for sustainable agricultural crops in arid regions. The study is the first report on prospective microbes from M. flabellifolius inhabiting NamibiaItem The efficacy of indoor residual spraying and insecticide susceptibility status of the Anopheles mosquito population from selected malaria endemic regions of Northern Namibia(University of Namibia, 2021) Joseph, Rosalia N; Mumbengegwi, Davis RIndoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the primary malaria vector control interventions recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). These interventions have been used in northern Namibia as the main intervention for malaria vector control since the 1965 (IRS) and 2005 (LLINs). However, insecticide resistance (IR) in Anopheles mosquitoes to pyrethroids, a major insecticide class approved for use in both LLINs and IRS of modem structures, may threaten continued use of these interventions. This study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility status and composition of Anopheles mosquitoes and the efficacy of indoor residual spraying insecticides in northern regions. Data was collected at one point in time and not throughout the year. WHO bioassay tubes were used to investigate the susceptibility status of Anopheles mosquitoes from Otjozondjupa, Omusati, Oshana, Ohangwena, Kavango West, Kunene and Oshikoto region to DDT ( 4 %) and Deltamethrin (0.05 %) insecticide. The Anopheles mosquitoes were then morphologically identified; as well as molecularly identified to a species level using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Residual efficacy of insecticides DDT, Deltamethrin, pirimiphosmethyl (Actellic 300CS), and clothianidin (SumiShield 50 WG) sprayed on zinc, modem and traditional structures in Oshana region was also tested with susceptible Anopheles arabiensis, using WHO cone bioassays. Findings confirmed IR against Deltamethrin in Oshikoto and Kavango West region (78.75 % and 90 % respectively) according to WHO protocols, with other malaria regions showing reduced susceptibility. There is reduced susceptibility to DDT in Kavango West region (93.75 %), while all other regions showed full susceptibility (100 %). PCR results showed an overall predominance of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (982) over Anopheles arabiensis (600) in northern Namibia; Otjozondjupa (214, 13 7), Omusati (183, 123), Oshana (196, 48), Ohangwena (163, 167), Kavango West (41 , 54), Kunene (113, 0), Oshikoto (72, 71), respectively. Five months after initial application, SumiShield 50WG induced 100% mortality of mosquitoes exposed on both modern and zinc structures, Deltamethrin killed more than 80 % of mosquitoes on these structures, although Actellic 300CS and DDT were below the threshold recommended. There is a prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in Namibian malaria vectors in Kavango West and Oshikoto regions, which might hinder vector management. However, SumiShield SOWG an environmentally acceptable insecticide with a it ren t 111 oJc of action to pyrethroids may be a suitable alternative insecticide for IRS in Nami bia, where resistance to Deltamethrin and DDT insecticide has started to develop. SumiShield 50WG is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide that acts as an agonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). This receptor differs from those of the existing recommended insecticide families (pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and organochlorine). Although, continued IR surveillance is recommended in more than one sentinel site of the malaria endemic regions of Namibia, monitoring should start earlier to avoid incomplete tests due to insufficient sample size. Additionally, it is recommended that the residual efficacy study should be repeated with a sufficient number of structures and sufficient mosquito sample sizeItem A study on the medicinal potential of Artemisia afra, a traditionally used herb in Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Farmer, Wennyth Luzaann; Bruwer, IwanetteThe use of plants as medicines to relieve various symptoms, as well as to manage and cure ailments has been recorded since ancient times. Much interest in these ethnomedicinal plants stems from their long-standing use in traditional medicine. They are still regarded as making important contributions to health care even though great advances have been made in modern medicine. Traditionally, Artemisia afra (‘Wilde als’) is used to treat the common cold, flu and coughs, as well as nasal congestion. During the COVID-19 pandemic, communities in Namibia used ‘Wilde als’ as a treatment for the disease. Little is known about the efficacy and safety of ‘Wilde als’ found in Namibia. This study aimed to identify the bioactive classes of compounds for ‘Wilde als’; as well as to determine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities and the cytotoxic properties of the plant. Extracts of ‘Wilde als’ were prepared by aqueous and organic extraction methods, using water and a mixture of methanol and dichloromethane (1:1 v/v). The phytochemical profile was determined using thin-layer chromatography. The total flavonoid content within the extracts was also determined. The albumin denaturation assay was used for determining the in vitro anti-inflammatory response of the extracts of ‘Wilde als’ using egg albumin derived from a fresh hen’s egg as the protein source. The DPPH antioxidant assay was used to determine the radical scavenging activity of the plant extracts using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate also known as DPPH, and the MTT cytotoxicity assay was used to determine the cellular reduction of the tetrazolium salt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, also known as MTT. The Vero E6 cell line, a kidney epithelial cell line was used to determine cell proliferation and survival during the MTT assay. The in vitro antiviral effects of the plant extracts against a pseudovirus of SARS-CoV-2 were determined by calculating the reduction of the SAR-CoV-2 in ii the Vero E6 cells. The extracts of the ‘Wilde als’ possessed flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, steroids and terpenoids, with TFC with the highest at 19.89 % for the organic extracts of the twigs. The extracts of A. afra exhibited significant antioxidant activities ranging from 0.1029 to 9.4197 μg/ml with the highest activity observed for the aqueous extract of the leaves. The extracts of A. afra also exhibited significant anti- inflammatory activity. The highest anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extracts was observed for the organic extract from the combination of the leaves and twigs (87.5 % at 100 μg/ml). The plant extracts displayed antiviral potential against the beta-strain of the SARS-CoV 2 virus, with the organic extracts exhibiting higher inhibition of the viral load with EC50 values of 48.84 μg/ml (leaf extracts), 24.65 μg/ml (twig extracts) and 251.67 μg/ml (combination of the leaves and twigs extracts). The results of the MTT cytotoxicity assay indicated that the aqueous extracts showed little to no cytotoxicity; the organic extracts on the other hand showed high cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 134.12 μg/ml (leaves and twigs), followed by 151.53 μg/ml (twigs) and 182.31 μg/ml (leaves). The findings of this study suggest that ‘Wilde als’ has the potential to be used as an antiviral agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as the possible mechanisms of action, with low cytotoxic effects for the aqueous extracts. The organic extracts, however, were cytotoxic, but when used in the correct doses, they can have significant health benefits. This study also provides evidence that the use of ‘Wilde als’ an herbal remedy in the south of Namibia is rational and consistent with research from other regions of AfricaItem Assessment of fishers’ catches on a Kavango River floodplain, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2023) Tiyeho, Deon Cain; Hay, ClintonFloodplains in the Kavango River sustain an important fishery that provides riparian communities with a source of food, seasonal employment and income for those that sell their catches. This study was conducted to investigate the effort, fishing gear, and fish catches of the fishers on the Kamutjonga floodplain along the Kavango River, Namibia. Fishers were monitored daily for two annual flood cycles of 2018 and 2020 (February to June). A total of 254 and 462 fisher days were recorded during the 2018 and 2020 flood cycles, respectively, where females dominated the fishing in both years. In 2018, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) in number (fish/set) (set = 60 min) were highest for mosquito nets (93 fish/set) followed by plastic containers (12 fish/set), hook and line (10 fish/set), and traditional traps (7 fish/set). In 2018, CPUE in weight (kg/set) was also highest for mosquito nets (0.21 kg/set), but followed by hook and line (0.17 kg/set), traditional traps (0.03 kg/set), and plastic containers (0.02 kg/set). In 2020, the CPUE in numbers was the highest in mosquito nets (275 fish/set), followed by hook and line (18 fish/set), plastic containers (10 fish/set) and traditional traps (7 fish/set). In 2020, CPUE in weight (kg/set) was the highest in mosquito nets (0.73 kg/set) followed by hook and line (0.63 kg/set), traditional trap (0.06 kg/set) and plastic containers (0.03kg/set). In 2018, a total of 27 fish species were caught and the five most important species according to the index of relative importance (%IRI) were Oreochromis andersonii (79.6%), Coptodon rendalli (9.9%), Pseudocrenilabrus philander (3.8%), Hydrocynus vittatus (2.3%) and Serranochromis angusticeps (1.4%). In 2020, 23 fish species were caught on the and the five most important species according to %IRI were Oreochromis andersonii (65.5%), Coptodon ii rendalli (29.9%), Hydrocynus vittatus (1.8%), Serranochromis macrocephalus (0.9%) and Pharyngochromis acuticeps (0.7%). In 2018, the estimated catch was 150.53 kg constituiting of 79.00 kg during the rising phase, 68.49 kg during the receding phase and 2.99 kg during the high phase. In 2020, the estimated catch was 1 607.00 kg constituiting of 415.25 kg during the rising phase, 1 215.01 kg during the high phase and during the 123.65 kg receding phase. Most of the fish species caught on the floodplain were juvenile of larger fish species, while other fish species were from small sized fish species. It is suggested that harvesting of juvenile fish contributes to food security of riparian communities. The continuous monitoring of the exploitation partterns of the Kamutjonga floodplain is encouraged to enusure that managers are timely informed of any changes in fishing activities that might negatively impact the fish stocks and make management recommendationItem Anti-hyperglycemic, Anti-oxidant, and Cytotoxicity activity of selected Ethno medicinal plants from the Hardap region of Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Kaitjizemine, Kaveire; Mumbengegwi, DavisDiabetes mellitus is a multifactorial non-communicable metabolic disorder, characterized by the perpetual manifestation of hyperglycemia as a consequence of the disturbed metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and protein, due to defects in insulin secretion and/or its effectiveness. Currently prescribed medication such as the derivatives of Biguanides, have excellent therapeutic benefits but cause impaired liver and kidney due to lactic acidosis. Based on the historic success of medicinal plants as remedies for many ailments and the increasing need for alternative medication for diabetes, plants from the Hardap region, in Namibia, were evaluated as potential Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for diabetes. In Namibia, medicinal plants are used as primary health care to manage diabetes, especially by those in resource-poor settings. However, there is a paucity of data supporting the use of these plants for this purpose. Scientific data must be generated to support the use of Namibian plants as complementary and alternative medicines for managing diabetes. To this end, a survey on the use of medicinal plants for the management of diabetes in the Hardap region of Southern Namibia was conducted. The survey revealed eleven plants belonging to nine different families, that is Asphodelaceae, Malvaceae, Pedaliaceae, Apocynaceae, Lamiaceae, Geraniaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Tiliaceae, and Fabaceae as authenticated by the National Herbarium. However, of the eleven plants, only five were available for collection for laboratory analysis, namely Corchorus tridens, Sarcocaulon salmoniflorum, Zygophylum decumbens, Hermannia fruticulosa, and Hoodia gordonii. The plant materials were air-dried at room temperature before being ground to a powder for extraction using ethanol, methanol, and water. The plant extracts were iii subjected to Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) screening, followed by quantification of total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC). The biological properties of the extracts; antioxidant activity involving DPPH and reducing power; antihyperglycemic activity using α amylase and α glucosidase assay; and in vitro cytotoxicity assay using MTT assay, were evaluated. The study demonstrated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids in plants. Quantification of phytochemicals showed high TPC content in C. tridens, methanol extracts (23.58 ±0.41) mgQE/g, and ethanol extracts (22.79 ±0.16). High TFC was observed in ethanol extracts of C.tridens (96.90±7.04) mgGAE/g, followed by Z. decumbens (49.98±2.97) mg GAE/g then S. salmoniflorum (44.55±0.44) mg GAE/ g. Data showed a statistically significant difference between TFC and TPC (p < 0.05). Plants showed free radical scavenging potential, with C. tridens ethanol extracts exhibiting the highest scavenging activity with IC50 0.0312±21.05 mg/ml followed by methanol extracts of H. fruticulosa with IC50 of 0.0339±24.64 mg/ml when compared with the positive control (ascorbic acid) with IC50 of 0.0279±17.09 mg/ml. The different solvents used for plant extraction significantly influenced the free radical scavenging potential of plants (p < 0.05) while no significant difference was demonstrated across the different concentrations (p >0.05). The reducing power of extracts showed no significant concentration dependence (p > 0.05). High reducing activity was recorded in methanol extracts of S. salmoniflorum 1.84 ± 0.025726834 and C. tridens 1.5± 0.014854405 when compared with the ascorbic acid of 3.16 ± 0. 026394. iv Antihyperglycemic potency of plant extracts was evident with the inhibition of α- amylase recorded for aqueous extracts of Z. decumbens and H. gordonii, 96.3% and 93.9 % respectively when compared with the positive control (acarbose) inhibition capacity of 64.2 % at 1 mg/ml. The inhibition of α-amylase is not significantly influenced by the concentration (p > 0.05), though showed significant reliance on the solvent used for extraction (p < 0.05). Aqueous extracts of H. gordonii revealed potency with the lowest IC 50 of 0.1667 mg/ ml. A qualitative α-glucosidase inhibition potential was demonstrated by all the tested plant extracts, through the ability to prevent the degradation of starch in the presence of α-glucosidase and starch that was evident by the stain that was produced on the agar. The cell line of 3T3 proliferated 90 % and above in the presence of the studied plant extracts. The Kruskal- Wallis test revealed that the growth of 3T3 cell lines wassignificantly influenced by the difference in extract concentrations (p < 0.05). Moreover, these cells proliferate differently in the presence of the different studied plants (p < 0.05). The safety data of cytotoxicity indicate less toxicity to none except for C. tridens with IC 50 0.2014±5.491 μg / μl. The demonstrated anti-hyperglycemic activity of the studied plants, especially aqueous extracts of Z.decumbens and H. gordonii can be attributed to the presence of the tested phytochemicals and may infer that they have potential anti-hyperglycemic agents as well as validate their use in the traditional setting. Further in vivo and detailed phytochemical analysis is recommended to identify active components of the plants and their mechanism of action.Item Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm properties of Opuntia stricta and Vachellia erioloba, and chemical characterization of volatile compounds(University of Namibia, 2023) Jackson, Junias Natangwe; Kapewangolo, PetrinaVachellia erioloba, commonly known as Acacia erioloba belongs to the family Fabaceae and is native to Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. The plant is used traditionally to treat ear infections, headaches, and toothaches. Opuntia stricta belongs to the family Cactaceae and is found in Namibia. The plant is used in the management of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and cancer. This study was designed to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm activity, and chemical characterization of V. erioloba and O. stricta. The radical scavenging capacity of extracts was estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the reducing power was determined using ferric reducing power assay. Moreover, the antimicrobial activities of the extracts of these medicinal plants were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. On the other hand, antibiofilm activity was determined against Staphylococcus aureus. The phytochemical analysis of V. erioloba and O. stricta was done using qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. Moreover, the characterization of the volatile constituents was done for the seed extract of V. erioloba. Furthermore, chemical characterization of the volatile constituents of the extract was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The radical scavenging assay revealed IC50 values of 1.973 ± 0.012 and 972.0 ± 22.3 μg/mL for the seed pods and seed of V. erioloba, respectively, while the IC50 values for the extracts of O. stricta were 53.74 ± 0.18, 153.8 ± 0.9, 258.7 ± 0.7, and IC50 ˃ 1000 μg/mL for the seeds, flowers, fruits, and leaves of O. stricta, respectively. In addition, the reducing power of both V. erioloba and O. stricta extracts increased as the concentration of the extracts increased, which confirmed the presence of antioxidants in the extracts. The antimicrobial assay revealed that the various extracts of V. erioloba and O. stricta ii exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity with inhibition zones (IZ) ranging from 0 to 12 mm. Moreover, the MIC obtained from this study ranged from ≤ 0.63 to 10 mg/mL. The biofilm inhibition demonstrated BIC50 values of V. erioloba and O. stricta extracts ranged from ˂ 0.08 to 0.498 ± 0.017 mg/mL. Moreover, biofilm eradication revealed BEC50 values ranged from < 0.08 to 0.172 ± 0.008 mg/mL. The GC-MS analysis of V. erioloba seed extracts revealed the presence of phytosterols, acids, esters, α- tocopherol and α-amyrin, which comprises a number of known bioactive compounds. The results from this study show that V. erioloba and O. stricta extracts possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm properties, making these plants good potential sources of antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. The findings of this study support the traditional uses of V. erioloba and O. stricta.Item Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and Cytotoxic activity of extracts and a novel compound isolated from flowers of the wild everlasting (Helichrysum Argyrosphaerum DC)(University of Namibia, 2024) Mtuleni, Etuhole; Louw, StefanHelichrysum argyrosphaerum is a poisonous plant responsible for livestock losses in southern Africa. Helichrysum species primarily affect the central nervous system when ingested by livestock. However, previous attempts to identify the toxins produced by these plants resulted in only tentative identification of some chemical constituents. This study aimed to isolate and characterize compounds from the flowers of H. argyrosphaerum and to determine the in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity of the methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) flower extracts and isolated compounds. Several flavonoid glycosides (tentatively identified as apigenin-O-glycosides) as well as an unknown chlorogenic acid analogue were isolated from the methanol extract of H. argyrosphaerum flowers using semi- preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chemical structures of three isolated compounds were elucidated as apigenin, chamaemeloside, and a novel compound, 14-acetyl chamaemeloside, based on their high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) data. Interestingly, both the MeOH and DCM H. argyrosphaerum flower extracts as well as 14-acetyl chamaemeloside induced acetylcholinesterase activity. In the cytotoxicity assay, neither the MeOH and DCM extracts nor 14-acetyl- chamaemeloside exhibited toxicity against HeLa cells. This research marks the initial report of acetylcholinesterase activity and cytotoxicity in both H. argyrosphaerum MeOH and DCM flower extracts, as well as the isolated compound, 14-acetyl- chamaemeloside, against HeLa cells. Consequently, these findings will contribute to future toxicological studies and aid in developing preventative agents that can be used in the treatment of animals poisoned by H. argyrosphaerumItem Rodent species composition, abundance, richness, and diversity amongst different habitats in two villages in the Mukwe Constituency, Kavango East region of Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Kayala, Ester N.Rodents are habitat bio-indicators because their population dynamics respond to changing environmental and habitat alteration such as environmental disturbances. Some rodent species such as Mastomys natalensis are agricultural pests and have caused a lot of damage to crop harvests and peoples’ belongings. Additionally, rodents serve as vectors for deadly diseases which they can transmit to humans. The aim of this study was to examine variations in the rodent species composition, abundance, richness and species diversity amongst different habitats (fallow land, less disturbed land and in the houses) in Bagani and Diyogha village, in the Mukwe Constituency. Trapping was conducted over a period of twelve months using PVC live traps, for three consecutive nights in each habitat. A total number of 285 rodent captures were recorded in 16,272 trap nights; comprising of five different rodent species, which were Mastomys natalensis, Gerbilliscus leucogaster, Thallomys paedulcus, Saccostomus campestris and Steatomys pratensis. A Kruskal-Wallis H test showed that there was no statistically significant difference in rodent species abundance amongst the three habitats in Bagani (χ2 = 1.665, df = 2, p = 0.4101), and Diyogha (χ2 = 1.715, df = 2, p = 0.3978). Whereas the same test has also revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the rodent species richness between the fallow land (SR = 4) and the less disturbed land (SR = 2) as well as the less disturbed land (SR = 2) and houses (SR = 3) in Bagani (χ2 = 10.81, df = 35, p = 0.0026), and between the fallow land (SR = 2) and houses (SR = 3) in Diyogha (χ2 = 12.18, df = 35, P = 0.001). Additionally, the test revealed that there was no significant difference in the rodent species diversity amongst the three habitats in Bagani (χ2 = 2.551; df = 35, p = 0.147), however, there was a significant difference in the rodent diversity amongst the habitats in Diyogha (χ2 = 4.97; df = 35, p = 0.029). Dunn’s post hoc test was used for all the iii parameters to further explore the differences within the habitats. It showed that there was a significant difference in the rodent species richness between the fallow land and the less disturbed land (p = 0.006) as well as between less disturbed land and the houses (p = 0.001) in Bagani. Whereas in Diyogha, there was a significant difference in the species richness between the fallow land and the houses (p = < 0.002). Lastly, the post hoc test showed a significant difference in rodent species diversity between the fallow land and the houses (p = 0.0084). An HCA based on a Bray Curtis Similarity Index showed that there was a 30% and a 22% similarity in the rodent species composition amongst the three habitats in Bagani and Diyogha, respectively. The Spearman’s correlation (Rs) test revealed that rodent species abundance was weakly positively correlated with the rainfall (r= 0.146, n = 12, p = 0.650) and relative humidity (r = 0.403, n = 12, p = 0.193), however, the temperature (r = -0.05, n = 12, p = 0.87) had a negative influence on the rodent numbers in Bagani. Furthermore, in Diyogha, all three weather parameters had positive correlations to the rodent numbers during different seasons or months. The following study revealed that the different habitats in both villages did not influence the rodent species abundance. A similar study to the current one should be conducted for a period longer than two years in order to compare the influence climatic variables have on the rodent numbers in both Bagani and Diyogha village. However, the study should use a capture-mark-recapture (CMR) technique instead of euthanizing the rodentsItem Analysis of seasonal variation in dietary composition and behaviour of wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in two habitats of different human influence around windhoek, central Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Mukuve, Bernhard Z.M.Diet composition of an organism gives a holistic picture of what an organism forages on in its environment to maximize energy intake for all its essential activities that contribute to survival and successful reproduction. Chacma baboons have the ability to modify their broad omnivorous diet and behavior under changing environmental and climatic conditions. However, the ever-increasing environmental and anthropogenic pressures on baboon populations are likely to affect both the diet composition and foraging behavior of these animals. Moreover, Namibia being one of the driest countries in the Sub Saharan Africa, and coupled with accelerated anthropogenic changes, baboon populations, especially those thriving in and around the city of Windhoek are facing constant threats of habitat destruction and fragmentation due to the rapid expansion of the city and are under pressure to adapt to these changes in order to survive. With limited research carried out on primates in the central highlands of Namibia, this study was carried out in an effort to bridge the knowledge gap and obtain insight into the influence humans have on the ecology of these primates around the city of Windhoek. The study investigated the activity budget and diet of the baboons using data collected from two contrasting habitats (Dobra and farm Krumhuk) that are influenced by human activities. A total of 166 baboons were observed during 2 seasons (wet & dry) at two sites using a focal animal method. Forty-nine (49) scat samples were collected between the seasons, separated in the laboratory, weighed, and placed into four categories (fruits and seeds, roots, stems, and leaves, invertebrates, and others). Results showed that baboons consumed plant materials more than any other food type and that they maintained their diet profile across the seasons. Furthermore, their behavior was found to be reactional to seasonal changes. The study further confirmed the ii broad diet and selectivity that exists in the so-called “generalist diet” of these well documented old-world monkeys while also providing an alternative method to enhance scat analysis techniques in the laboratory. The study noted that the human-disposed food waste, stable and constant water supply, preserved wild flora and minimal disturbance regimes around human settlements, all contribute to increased contact with humansItem Development of a “greener” hplc-uv method for the analysis of reducing sugars in apple juice and indigenous fruits using acetone as an alternative solvent(University of Namibia, 2023) Iyambula, Aina KChromatographic techniques can be made more environmentally friendly, i.e., “greener”, by a number of different strategies. One approach is to replace the toxic mobile phase solvents such as acetonitrile with greener alternatives. Acetone, in particular, has proven to be a suitable alternative to acetonitrile, since the two solvents have similar physicochemical properties, including solubility, miscibility and viscosity properties. However, due to acetone’s high ultraviolet (UV) cut–off wavelength (330 nm), it normally cannot be used as a mobile phase solvent when performing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with UV detection. In this study, a reversed-phase HPLC–UV method using acetone-containing mobile phase was developed for the determination of reducing sugars in apple juice and two indigenous fruits, Berchemia discolor and Hyphaene petersiana. Pre-column derivatisation of analytes via reductive amination with p-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester (ABEE) was performed to enable photometric detection at 307 nm. The method was directly compared to a method that utilised acetonitrile-containing mobile phase. Although the detection wavelength of the ABEE derivatives is below the UV cut–off wavelength of acetone, it is high enough above acetone’s absorbance maximum (~280 nm) to enable satisfactory detection of the derivatives. Hence, the method compared well with the acetonitrile method, providing similar resolution and selectivity, as well as sufficient sensitivity to facilitate the quantitation of glucose and fructose in all the fruits and juice investigated in this study. Although the method was only validated in terms of precision, linearity, limit of detection and quantitation but no other aspects such as accuracy, it shows potential to be used as a greener alternative for sugar analysis for laboratories that only have access to HPLC–UV instruments