Assessment of fire and explosion hazards in large-scale battery energy storage systems intended for Namibian green hydrogen projects
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Date
2025
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University of Namibia
Abstract
The integration of large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) is a pivotal
component in advancing Namibian green hydrogen projects, aimed to promote sustainable
energy solutions. But there are serious fire and explosion risks associated with the use of
Battery Energy Storage Systems, particularly those that use lithium-ion technology. These
risks are intensified by the chemical instability of lithium-ion cells and operational
challenges associated with large-scale systems. This research investigates the specific
risks and failure modes associated with BESS, aiming to provide safety solutions and
guidelines for their broader application in renewable energy projects. The study begins
with a comprehensive literature review, identifying the primary causes of fires/explosions
in lithium-ion batteries, leading to thermal runaway, like electrical faults, and mechanical
damage. It also examines various battery chemistries and their respective safety profiles,
alongside an analysis of global case studies to draw lessons for Namibia. Fault Tree
Analysis (FTA) and statistical tests were employed to pinpoint critical failure
mechanisms, with emphasis on factors such as system design, battery age, and operational
states during failure events. The study creates a thorough risk assessment model that
emphasizes the risks that come with large-scale battery energy storage (BESS). This
model evaluates critical factors such as thermal runaway, mechanical stress, and system
design. Additionally, study explores potential mitigation strategies, including advanced
battery management systems, robust fire suppression mechanisms, and the use of
alternative battery technologies to improve overall system safety. By addressing the
inadequate safety guidelines, deficiencies in Battery Management Systems (BMS), and
failure mode analysis in various operational states, this study provides critical insights and
recommendations for enhancing the safety protocols and the regulatory framework for
BESS in Namibia’s Green Hydrogen projects. The findings aim to contribute to the safe
and efficient deployment of BESS, thereby supporting Namibia’s transition to a
sustainable energy future
Description
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Renewable Energy
Keywords
BESS, Hazards, Explosion, Fire and Battery, Namibia, University of Namibia