Department of Nursing Science

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    Interpersonal communication and caring experience with clients from the perspective of student nurses
    (2000) Jun, Wu Ya
    The study is grounded in Watson's theory of transpersonal caring. Therefore, a qualitative research design and methods guided the collection and analysis of data. Participants included ten fourth-year-nursing students enrolled at the University of Namibia. The objectives of the study were to describe student nurses' experiences with interpersonal communication in establishing a caring relationship with clients/patients, explain the concept of caring from the perspective of the students, explore the ways that student nurses use to foster a caring relationship
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    A survey to determine how experiential learning is applied during clinical teaching of student nurses in training institutions in Namibia
    (2000) Nelumbu, Lucia N.
    This study was undertaken to determine how the experiential learning cycle is applied during clinical sessions in the nursing training institutions in Namibia. The main objectives of this study were: to find out how learning experiences were selected by registered nurses and nurse educators for concrete exposure by the students and to evaluate how students were assisted for future actions
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    Self-assessment programme for operating room professional nursing practice in Namibia
    (2008) Kloppers, Alfreda R.
    Abstract provided by author
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    An educational programme to facilitate critical thinking by the student nurse in Namibia
    (2008) Pretorius, Louise
    Summary provided by author
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    Strategies to facilitate application of sociology of development to nursing practice
    (2008) Shikongo, Katrina-Kauna
    Nursing practice is a living body of knowledge derived from different disciplines, i.e. biological, psychological and social. From the social sciences, Sociology of Development is one of the sources of knowledge used in nursing practice
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    Motivations for the use of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) for preparation of undergraduate nursing students for professional competences: A literature review
    (2012) Amakali, Kristofina
    Traditional nursing education as characterized byclassroom approaches inter alia the lectures, where students are merely passive listeners and more concern about the final grade than learningtends to produce graduate with information to memorize while unable to apply knowledge into practicefor problem solving. Thus the intensive basic lectures, followed by equally exhausting clinical teaching has proven ineffective in preparing professional nurses who are problem-solvers. These factors dictate the need for a shift from a focus on teaching to a focus on learning by adoptinga problem-based, student-centered and self-directed learning approach in a form of problem-based learning for both classroom and clinical teaching context. As opposed to the traditional reductive lecturing method of teaching, Problem-Based Learning approach is more inductive; students learn contents as they try to solve the problems. Problem-Based Learning approach therefore facilitates the development of disciplinary knowledge bases, skills and problem solving strategies by placing the students in the active role of problem solvers for the problems that are aligned with real-life situation.
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    Investigating the need for a home-based health care programme in support of the parents/ caregivers of children diagnosed with heart disease in the rural areas of Namibia
    (2013) Amakali, Kristofina
    The incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) has been reported to be 8 out of 1000 live born infants worldwide. Accordingly, congenital heart defects and rheumatic heart diseases contribute to approximately ten percent (10%) of all paediatric admissions to health care facilities in Namibia as compared to the proportion of diarrheal (3%) and acute respiratory infection (3%). Congenital heart diseases account for 9% of neonatal deaths in Namibia (WHO 2006; WHO 2009). Clearly, the situation in Namibia is grave as regard to profile of heart diseases among children. The majority of children with heart disease are from the rural areas. If they are not acute sick, the majority of these children often receive treatment as outpatients and their parents/caregivers are expected to cope with the demands of caring for these children at home. Taking care of a child with a heart disease at home is daunting task for the parents and the caregivers as extreme vigilance on their part is required. However, this degree of vigilance cannot be realized by the parents of children with heart diseases who are from the rural areas in Namibia, because there is no support system in place to enable them to cope with the demands of caring at home. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of their parents/caregivers as regard caring for a child with a heart disease at home and the experience of living with heart diseases by the children with the purpose to identify the needs for facilitation of coping with the demands of caring and to develop a home-based health care programme to facilitate coping with such a situation. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, contextual and phenomenological study was conducted to describe the participants’ experiences, identify need for assistance and assess the possibility of remedial actions to help parents and caregivers cope with caring at home. The study was performed in three sequential research phases. Phase I involved the situational analysis through the description of the participants experiences of caring for a child with a heart disease and of living with a heart disease respectively. Phenomenological data was collected from a purposefully selected sample of 5 multiple cases of parents/caregivers and children with heart disease from the rural areas in Namibia. The data was collected by means of in-depth interviews, field note and the pictorial naïve drawings by the child participants until data saturation was reached. The data were analysed using the Tesch method of qualitative data analysis. The findings revealed that the parents/caregivers were struggling to cope with the demands of care and, hence, there was a clear need to empower them so as to facilitate their coping. Phase II involved the conceptualisation of the research and the development of a homebased health care programme. Accordingly, a home-based, health care programme, which encompassed multi-component interventions to facilitate coping, was developed for the parents/caregivers and the children concerned. Phase III involved the implementation and evaluation of the programme at the households of the study participants. A two-day workshop was facilitated at each household in order to implement the programme interventions. The programme outcome evaluation was conducted three months after the programme implementation with the findings of the evaluation indicating that the programme interventions has, indeed, empowered the parents/caregivers to cope with the demands of care. In conclusion, the experiences of poor coping on the part of the caregivers of children with heart diseases from the rural areas in Namibia calls for innovations from both health care providers and other social systems to support the caregivers and enable them to cope in providing home acre to their children with heart disease. In this regard, the recommendations were made with regard to health care providers to implement contextualised health education to the parents/caregivers of children with heart disease to enable parents/caregivers to continue with palliative care at home, the inclusion of interventions contained in this programme in the health care programmes at the district level of health care delivery and the provision of social grant to children diagnosed with heart diseases whose parents/caregivers are economically vulnerable.
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    The plight of parents/caregivers of children with heart disease in the rural areas of Namibia: A problem of coping
    (2013) Amakali, Kristofina; Small, Louis F.
    Providing care for a child with heart disease is a daunting task for any parent/caregiver, particularly for those living in poor conditions in rural Namibia. A qualitative, exploratory, phenomenological and contextual study was conducted to describe such parents’/caregivers’ experiences of providing care for a child with a heart disease. The study also examined the children’s experiences of living with the burden of disease at home. The findings revealed experiences of emotional turmoil, disruptive social functioning and social relations, lack of support from the family, lack of organised forms of support from societal organisations, as well as experiences of low vitality among the children. These experiences together signify the overall poor coping by the parents/caregivers and the children. This paper presents the findings of a situational analysis of the experiences of caring for a child with heart disease and of living with heart disease.
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    Empowerment of the rural parents/caregivers of children with heart diseases in Namibia to facilitate coping with the demands of caring at home
    (2013) Amakali, Kristofina; Small, Louis F.
    Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe how the parents/caregivers of children with heart diseases cope with the demands of caring for these children at home, with the purpose to develop a home-based health care programme to facilitate the parents/caregivers’ coping with the demands of care. Methods: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual study was conducted. Phenomenological data on the lived experiences of coping with the demands to care by the parents/caregivers and of living with the burden of the disease by the children were gathered and interpreted from a purposefully selected sample of 5 multiple cases of parents/caregivers and children with heart disease from the rural areas. Results: The findings have revealed poor coping with the demands of caring among the parents/caregivers, as characterized by the experiences of emotional challenges, disruptive social functioning and social relations, lack of support from the family and societal organizations, financial difficulties and of course the experiences of decreased vitality by the children. As a result, the need to empower the parents/caregivers for them to cope with providing a continuum care to their children who have heart disease was identified. The dynamics to mitigate the negative experiences were conceptualized. Therefore, the interventions of a home-based health care programme as an interface to facilitate the parents/caregivers to cope with the challenges caused by the demands to care were developed. Conclusions: The need for empowerment of these parents/caregivers can be met through the implementation of multi-component interventions, which draw together all the possible determinants factors and the coping methods to facilitate coping.
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    An educational programme to facilitate reflective practice for registered nurses in training hospitals in Windhoek
    (2013) Nelumbu, Lucia N.
    Illness is an evitable part of life for the vast majority of people. The nurses’ reactions to people who are ill or who are in need of health care are influenced and shaped by their own personal qualities, such as sensitivity, understanding and honesty as well as the professional attributes, skills, competencies, attitudes and cognitive abilities necessary for effective practice. Problems or incidents occurring in clinical settings are often seen as indicators of poor nursing care and even indicators of a lack of reflective practice skills. The purpose of the study was to explore and describe how reflection is practised by registered nurses. The objectives of the study were to explore and describe how reflection is practiced and conceptualised by registered nurses in Namibia. A qualitative, explorative, phenomenological, descriptive and contextual approach was used. Data were collected from the population, including all registered nurses purposively selected from different disciplines in training hospitals, through in-depth interviews. The data were analysed according to themes based on the ideas of Tesch’s model, and revealed inadequate knowledge of reflective practice among registered nurses as they only expressed the execution of their daily activities without paying attention to how they reflect in daily practice Hence the reflective practice programme was developed and implemented to offer knowledge and skills to effectively address the clinical challenges which registered nurses may encounter in terms of reflection. The evaluation of the programme was conducted sixteen weeks (4 months) after the programme implementation, with the overall results showing that reflective practice would assist registered nurses to think critically and to engage in reflection upon professional practice activities that would lead to the improvement of their performances. The main recommendations made were among others, that nursing education in Namibia must make reflective practice a compulsory competency of registered nurses and all health care providers, and should be included in the curriculum of all student nurses.
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    Tobacco smoking among University of Namibia students: Behaviors, reasons, attitudes, awareness and knowledge of associated health risks
    (2013) Amakali, Kristofina; Haoses-Gorases, Lischen; Taukuheke, Letha
    The purpose of the study was to establish tobacco smoking as a behavior, and to recommend measures to protect and discourage tobacco smoking among students at the University of Namibia. A cross sectional study was conducted among students at the University of Namibia, to assess the determinants of tobacco smoking and smoking as a behavior. Two mixed methods, namely, quantitative and qualitative design were used for gathering the data for this survey. A probability sampling method was used and a sample of 996 out of about 10,000 students registered at the University of Namibia for the academic year 2002 were selected. Demographical data, reasons, attitudes towards and the knowledge of health risk from tobacco smoking as the determinants of tobacco smoking (independent variables) and smoking of tobacco as a function thereof (dependent variable) were analyzed. The results indicated that 169 of the participants, which translates to 17% of the then student population at the University of Namibia aged 15-35 years smoked different types of tobacco such as cigarettes, cigar and, even the dagga. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between demographical data of gender and age and smoking. Male students smoked more than female students (OR 4:1). Furthermore, the results indicated that male and female students of age 15 -19 smoked tobacco the most (32% of 12% respectively). The need to cope with the life experiences and subjective norms to peer pressure were some of the reasons for tobacco smoking among the students. In conclusion, the findings demonstrated a significant trend of tobacco smoking among the students at the University of Namibia. In that regards, a declaration of all university campuses as tobacco -free environment to protect students from being exposed to the cues to tobacco smoking and complemented with teaching health risks from tobacco smoking and the skills that are necessary to protect the students from being lured into the use of tobacco were recommendable.
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    The relationship of socio-economic status on contraction of Tuberculosis among TB patients in Windhoek District, Namibia: a public health practice perspective
    (2014) Murimba, Winnie; Kopano, Robert; Amakali, Kristofina; Amukugo, Hans J.
    The purpose for this study was to identify the risk factors of inpatients infected with Tuberculosis at Katutura Intermediate Hospital in Windhoek district, Namibia. A quantitative descriptive study was conducted among patients from the Windhoek district who were on first-line treatment for Tuberculosis at Katutura Intermediate Hospital, during the period of the study (June-August 2011). The universal sampling method was used and all 38 inpatients with Tuberculosis participated in the study. The socio-economic factors which are conducive to the transmission of Tuberculosis infection among the participants were identified and described. The findings revealed that the highest rate of TB infection was among the participants of the most productive age of 21-50 years. Moreover, the majority (70%) of the participants were the residents of the severely poverty stricken informal settlements in the Windhoek district. Consequently, the results concluded that lack of education, subsequent unemployment, low wages, poor housing and poor nutrition, alcohol abuse, smoking among the participants seem to fuel the high rate of infection with Tuberculosis, while stigma that is associated with the disease delays seeking of treatment.
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    A support programme for caregivers of children with heart disease in rural Namibia
    (2014) Amakali, Kristofina; Small, Louis F.
    The majority of children suffering from heart disease in Namibia receive treatment as outpatients, with their caregivers taking responsibility for their continuing care. To provide the care required by these children, the caregiver has to remain vigilant. Many of these children live in rural areas and their caregivers may have only a limited educational background, as well as limited financial resources, as they depend on subsistence agriculture for a living. The development of the support programme discussed in this article originated from the results of a qualitative, exploratory, phenomenological study that addressed the issue of how these caregivers managed this responsibility. The findings of this study revealed that the caregivers generally had poor coping experiences. Subsequently, these findings formed the basis for the proposal about a support programme for the rural caregivers of children with heart disease in Namibia. As part of the study, interventions for home-based health care were developed, implemented and evaluated in order to facilitate the caregiver’s coping with the demands of home care. The findings of an outcomes evaluation indicated that the caregivers’ knowledge of the child’s condition, as well as the skills for providing care at home and the information about community-based resources that could provide them with support to cope, increased. If the programme were to be extended to other families in similar contexts, the programme interventions could make a difference in terms of their coping with the demands of care. This paper describes the implementation process involved in a home-based health care programme intervention of the study, and the subsequent outcomes of the programme evaluation.
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    Beyond routine care for children with heart diseases from the vulnerable context: A clinical practice perspective
    (2014) Amakali, Kristofina; Small, Louis F.
    The statistics of children with heart diseases are notable in Namibia many of whom are from the rural area. While waiting for surgical corrections or when the child is a case for palliative care, these children have to be cared for at home, a task that can be doubtful for a rural caregiver. A qualitative, exploratory, phenomenological and contextual study was conducted to describe the experiences of rural caregivers regarding provision of home care for children with heart disease. The children’s experiences of living with the disease at home were also assessed because the burden of the diseases intensifies the demands for care. The findings revealed that both the caregivers and the children experience challenged emotions, disruptive social functioning, lacking of support from the family, lack of support from societal organisations as well as experiences of low vitality among the children. These experiences together, signify the overall poor coping by the caregivers and the children. Therefore, caring for a child with a heart disease at home requires a plan of individualized care which considers the context and the socio-economic status of the caregivers as the determinants for coping with providing care at home. Based on the findings, key recommendations were made among others to the clinical practice setting as an entry point to the care provided to these children. This paper provides a detailed description of the proposed health care intervention in the clinical setting to facilitate effective home care to children with heart diseases from the rural context.