Department of Animal Production, Agribusiness and Economics

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African swine fever outbreak at a farm in central Namibia
(2019) Samkange, Alaster; Mushonga, Borden; Mudimba, Douglas; Chiwome, Bernard; Jago, Mark; Kandiwa, Erick; Bishi, Alec S.; Molini, Umberto
An outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) occurred at a farm in central Namibia in March 2018. Fourteen pigs died out of a herd of 59 animals over a period of 16 days between the first and sixteenth of March 2018. The clinical signs observed included sternal recumbency, fever, weakness, pain and reluctance to move, hyperemia of the skin and anorexia, followed by death. Necropsy findings included large amounts of unclotted blood in the pleural and peritoneal cavities, diffuse carcass congestion, splenomegaly, consolidation of both lungs, hemorrhagic and frothy airways and trachea, hepatomegaly and congestion, congestion of the gastric mucosa, enlarged and congested kidneys, ecchymotic epicardial, and endocardial hemorrhages, and very enlarged and congested urinary bladder. All the remaining pigs were euthanized, burned, and buried under state veterinary supervision. The authors concluded that the outbreak resulted from indirect transmission of the ASF virus due to lapses in biosecurity measures.
Assessing the potential of Spirulina Platensis as a protein source and its effect on feed intake, growth performance, carcass yield, internal organs sizes and meat quality of boschveld and potchefstroom koekoek chicken breeds
(University of Namibia, 2024) Nambahu, Aino
The potential of Spirulina platensis (SP) as a protein source to replace soybean meal and its effect on feed intake, growth performance, carcass yield, internal organ sizes and meat quality was determined. A 12 weeks feeding trial was conducted using 72 unsexed Boschveld and Potchefstroom Koekoek chickens. The chickens were fed with commercial starter crumbles from day 1 to week 4. At week 5 of age, the chickens were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments which were as follows; 0%SP, 5%SP, 10%SP and 15%SP of dried Spirulina platensis powder as a replacement of soybean meal, with six replicates per treatment and three per breed. The feeding experiment excluding brooding period lasted for 12 weeks. Feed intake data were collected daily, and live weights were taken weekly for growth performance. The results showed that feed intake responded negatively to increase in Spirulina inclusion level. Chickens on treatment 0%SP had higher weights (P˂0.05) which was not affected (P˃0.05) by the breed. The breed significantly affected (P˂0.05) average daily gain (ADG) where BV had a higher ADG compared to PK. The feed conversion ratio was highest (P˂0.05) in chickens on diet 10% SP; with a mean value of 1.03 and the lowest in 0% SP with the value of 0.98. Birds on diet 0%SP recorded the highest (P<0.05) protein efficiency ratio PER (0.91) while those on diet 15%SP had the least PER (0.57). The results showed that dietary treatment x breed interactions did not (P˃0.05) affect the gizzard, spleen, heart, liver and intestines weights and carcass yield. However, the breed of the chicken affected the spleen size, in which Potchefstroom Koekoek chickens recorded heavy spleen weight (P˂0.05) than Boschveld. Treatment diets significantly ii influenced (P˂0.05) breast muscle and thigh weight of the chickens. The treatment diets affected (P˂0.05) the coliform and Lactobacillus counts of the cecum. The coliform counts decreased significantly with an increase in Spirulina inclusion in the diet while Lactobacillus counts increased significantly with increasing level of Spirulina in the diet. The inclusion of Spirulina in the grower diet did not (P˃0.05) influence the meat physiochemical quality of the chickens but compromised some eating quality parameters such as flavor and initial and sustained juiciness. A prominent chicken flavor (P˂0.05) was recorded in chickens fed the control diet while chickens fed Spirulina had less chicken flavor. In conclusion, increasing Spirulina level in the diets negatively affected feed intake, body weights, PER, breast muscle and thigh weights and chicken flavor of the meat. Increasing Spirulina in the diets also resulted in high FCR, increased Lactobacillus counts and reduced coliforms. Based on these results, it is therefore best if only up to 5% Spirulina can be included in the diets for indigenous chickens. However, Spirulina was found to have high protein content but its inclusion at high levels negatively affected feed intake, meat flavor and acceptability of the meat. There is need to further investigate lower inclusion levels of Spirulina platensis and their effect on chicken production parameters and meat quality
Assessing the potential of using nylon bags in batch analysis of crude fibre and ether extract of livestock feeds
(OMICS Group, 2012) Ncube, S.; Mpofu, I.
The objective of this study was to determine the potential of laboratory batch analysis and optimum number of bags to be used. Katambora, veld hay and maize stover were analyzed for Crude Fibre (CF) and Ether Extract (EE) using the proximate analysis procedure but with samples bagged in nylon bags of pore size 60 micron. A completely randomized block design was used with Treatment 1 as the control, Treatment 2 with 1 bagged sample, Treatment 3 with 2 bagged samples, Treatment 4 with 3 bagged samples and Treatment 5 with 4 bagged samples. Results showed that there is a potential to use nylon bags in CF and EE analysis on katambora, veld hay and maize stover. There was an interaction between block and treatment. EE analysis on Katambora showed no significant difference among all treatments but for maize stover and veld hay, treatment 4 and 5 were significantly different from all the other treatments. In CF analysis trial, treatment 2 and 3 did not differ significantly from the control, while treatment 4 and 5 were significantly different from the control for all the diets. It was concluded that there is a potential to do batch analysis with optimum number varying between forage type and component of analysis. The proposed batch analysis is more sensitive with EE than with CF analysis.
Assessment of normal mortalities, biosecurity and welfare of Lohmann Brown layers at a farm in central Namibia
(2020) Samkange, Alaster; Mushonga, Borden; Kandiwa, Erick; Kambode, Josephina Ndamonako; Mbiri, Pricilla; Gorejena, Brighton; Madzingira, Oscar
Objective: The current study investigated the causes of mortality and evaluated the biosecurity situation and welfare conditions of Lohmann Brown layer chickens reared for 12 months, from point-of-lay, at farm A in central Namibia. Materials and Methods: Necropsies, standard biosecurity appraisal and on-farm welfare assessment tools were used. A standard protocol was used for post-mortem examinations of dead birds. The Chi-square test was used for analysis of causes of mortality whilst linear regression was used for analysis of the temporal distribution of mortality. Results: The overall mortality rate throughout the study period was 18.7% (N = 1000). There was a very strong negative correlation between duration of birds in lay and proportion of live birds [r (162) = 0.97, p<0.05]. The proportion of live birds decreased by an average of 2.98% for every 50 days of the laying period. Overall, the proportional mortalities due to undetermined causes (31.6%) were greater than those due to inflammatory conditions, trauma, cannibalism and retained eggs (20.9,19.3,16.6 and 11.8% respectively, p<0.05). Conclusion: The high mortality rates reported in this study have an obvious negative impact on productivity and thus there is a need to improve the biosecurity and welfare conditions for these layers in order to improve profitability.
Assessment of the impact of chemical de-bushing on herbaceous vegetation and ground-dwelling invertebrate communities at Neudamm farm
(University of Namibia, 2020) Zeriua, Justine N.
This study aimed at assessing the impacts of chemical de-bushing on herbaceous plants and ground-dwelling invertebrates at Neudamm farm. Three experimental sites (camp’s 5, 6 and 7) treated in 2015, 2016 and 2017 respectively with a general purpose arboricide were selected alongside one (camp 4) untreated site. Pitfall traps were placed under 15 Senegalia mellifera trees which were strategically selected in each site. Three quadrates, two placed contiguous under the canopy and one outside the canopy of fifteen Senegalia mellifera trees were used to identify and record the herbaceous plants. The herbaceous species diversity was higher in the control camp than in the other camps (H=29.285, d.f = 3, p < 0.000), while the ground- dwelling invertebrate diversity (H= 2.497, d.f = 3, p < 0.5) and Family richness (H = 0.285, d.f = 3, p =0.963) did not differ significantly between the camps. However, species richness was higher in camp 5 (treated in 2016) than in the control camp (H= 13.085, d.f = 3, p < 0.000). The HCA on binary data separated the herbaceous plant species into 6 clusters and the pitfall traps into 7 clusters indicating the significant changes in herbaceous species and invertebrate family composition due to chemical treatment, among other factors. Grass biomass was higher in camp 5 (p < 0.001) and the control camp had the highest ground cover (H= 8.5 and p- value= 0.037). This study has shown that arboricides have significant direct negative effect on herbaceous vegetation and, to a lesser extent, on the ground- dwelling invertebrates.
An assessment of the role of research and extension services for small-scale crop farmers in North-Central Namibia
(2012) Thomas, Benisiu
The aim of this study was to assess agricultural research and extension services that are aimed at improving rural household livelihoods in the changing environment in the north-Central Regions of Namibia. The study reviewed various secondary sources or publications and unpublished sources comprising technical reports, books, review papers and maps, all of which were deemed useful based on the role of agricultural research and extension services in north-Central Namibia. The presentations of the results were illustrated by examples from the area of crop production including seed multiplication, animal draught power and crop improvement schemes. The study found sufficient evidence that some research-extension strategies being employed are moderately successful. The main challenge, however, remains to strengthen national farming research or extension systems with an appropriate institutional and coordinating structure, focusing on decentralised participatory and adaptive research and on farm trials.
Assessment of vegetation diversity and rangeland condition in the Highveld communal grazing lands of Swaziland
(2011) Mapako, Leslie
Determination of correct stocking rate based on current rangeland condition still remains a big challenge to livestock farmers. Assessment of vegetation diversity and current rangeland condition was carried out in four communal rangelands, namely Siphocosini, Hawane, Motshane and Nkhaba. The rangeland condition assessment method employed in this study was the ecological condition index (ECI) method. Grass species composition and dry matter were estimated using the point-intercept method and the direct harvest method using a metal frame (quadrat) respectively. Vegetation diversity was high. A total of 16 grass species were identified. Of these, 9 species were strong perennials and the remaining 7 were annuals. In addition, 5 species were identified as highly palatable, 6-moderately palatable and 4-less palatable species
Bovine rumen impaction caused by ingestion of Gonometa postica cocoons in eastern-central Namibia
(2019) Samkange, Alaster; Hausiku, Magrecia; Kandiwa, Erick; Mbiri, Pricilla; Muradzikwa, Erdwin N.; Mushonga, Borden
Cases of rumen impaction caused by ingestion of Gonometa postica cocoons occurred at a farm in eastern-central Namibia. Ten animals died on the farm over the previous 5 months. Rumenotomies were successfully performed on three affected animals. The authors were of the opinion that the affected animals ingested the cocoons around the time of weaning, which then resulted in tangled masses that gradually stretched and enlarged because of entrapment of ingesta, eventually causing impaction of the rumen in the young adult animals. These are the first reported cases of ruminal impaction attributable to G. postica cocoon ingestion in Namibia.
Challenges facing communal farmers to improve cattle production and marketing systems in Namibia
(2011) Hangara, Gabriel N.; ; ;
Comparison of the rehabilitative effects of mechanical and chemical methods of bush control on degraded highland savanna rangelands in Namibia
(2010) Kahumba, Absalom; ;
The study was carried out at Spes Bona 207 farm in Hochfeld district, and Neudamm 63 farm in the Khomas Hochland district,Highland savanna in Namibia. The objective of this study was to investigate the rehabilitative effects of mechanical and chemical methods of bush control of an invasive bush species Acacia mellifera for achieving long term rehabilitation of a degraded highland savanna rangelands in Namibia. At farm Spes Bona, three belt transects (50 x 5m2) were laid in chemical treatments and another three belt transects (50 x 5m2) were laid in mechanical treatments. Moreover, the same method was used in the control experiment. At Neudamm farm, a 200 x 100m2 plot with 495 Acacia mellifera treated stumps were divided into 3 sub-plots for each treatment (mechanical, chemical and control). Each sub-plot was further divided into 3 replicates. In each replicate, stumps were randomly assigned key-tags with sequential numbers from 1-55 per sub-plot, for assessment purpose. At Spes Bona farm, the grass tuft density of species Aristida congesta, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris vigata, Eragrostis rigidior, Eragrostis viscosa, Melinis repens and Melinis villosum was significantly higher (P0.05) in chemical and mechanical than in control treatment. Similarly, the total grass density had greater values (P0.05) high in chemical (36.1 ± 9.6a), and mechanical (31.7 ± 9.7a) than in control (25.7±9.0b) treatment. The soil condition did not show significant difference (P0.05) between treatments. Total density of woody plants was significantly greater (P0.05) in the control than chemical and mechanical treatments. At Neudamm farm exmortality of stumps was significantly higher (P0.001) in chemical than in mechanical and control treatments. On the contrary, coppicing of stumps was significantly lower (P0.001) in the chemical method than in the control and mechanical treatments. Tuft greater values outside the canopy than underneath the canopy
Conception rates and calving intervals of different beef breeds at a farm in the semi-arid region of Namibia
(2019) Samkange, Alaster; Kandiwa, Erick; Mushonga, Borden; Bishi, Alec S.; Muradzikwa, Erdwin N.; Madzingira, Oscar
A retrospective study from 2004 to 2017 investigated the effect of bull age, cow age and breed on conception rates, and calving intervals of beef cattle at Neudamm farm, Khomas region, Namibia. Bulls ranging from 4 to 14 years of age were used to breed cows up to 17 years of age. A total of 1804 pregnancies were diagnosed in Afrikaner (81.8%), Nguni (14.1%), and Simmental (4.1%) cows. The overall conception rate of beef cattle during the study period was 71.7 ± 9.5%. The overall conception rate of the Nguni cows (78.3%) was significantly higher than that of the Afrikaner (70.9%) and the Simmental cows (64.9%) (p < 0.05). The age of sires had no effect on overall conception rate in all three breeds (p > 0.05). Afrikaner dams more than 10 years old had the least rate of conception (60.4%, p < 0.05) within that breed category. Nguni dams between four to 10 years had the greatest conception rate (86.5%, p < 0.05). Age of dams had no effect on conception rates in Simmental cattle (p > 0.05). The overall mean length of all calving intervals in the Nguni cows (366 ± 35 days) was significantly shorter than those of the Afrikaner cows (487 ± 62 days) and the Simmental cows (484 ± 110 days) (p < 0.05). The 2013 breeding season produced the highest overall conception rates (~ 85%), and the 2007 breeding season produced the lowest overall conception rate (~ 51%). From a fertility point of view, the Nguni breed seemed best suited for the semi-arid conditions which are prevalent in most of Namibia.
Coping with Climate Change Challenges by Feeding Indigenous Chickens under Intensive Systems in Namibia
(OMICS Group, 2012) Petrus, Ndilokelwa P.; Mpofu, I.; Shikongo-Nambambi, Martha N.
Floods that have hit Northern Communal Areas (NCAs) of Namibia in recent year pose feeding and other challenges to indigenous chicken. Indigenous chickens constitute a major source of livelihoods among rural farmers. The objective of this study was to determine the potential of intensive feeding of high and low plane of protein nutrition to indigenous chickens as one way of coping with environmental challenges caused by annual floods in the NCAs. Adequacy of protein inclusion in the diet is a viable option for improving the growth of small rural owned chickens. Two hundred and four indigenous chickens were subjected to two levels of plane of nutrition namely high and low plane of protein nutrition. At the low level, the protein was 18% in the 1-8 week age group, 16% in 9-22 week age group and 12% in the 23-36 week age. Feeding at high plane of protein nutrition was as follows; 23% in the 0-8 week age group, 20% in the 9-22 week age group and 16% in the 23-36 week age group. The control group was fed according to the Namibian poultry industry standards. The results showed significant and highest responses between the treatments in weeks 1-8 of age. Between 9-22 weeks, chicken mortality lowest at 5.6% in the high plane of nutrition group compared to 14.4% in the low plane of nutrition. The birds in control group consumed significantly (P<0.05) less feed than those fed with the high and low protein diet. Intensive feeding has a potential of alleviating nutritional stress of indigenous chickens under adverse environmental conditions. Farmers however, have to respond by cropping more intensively for the feed resources to be available.
Cultivation and use of Moringa as a nutritional and medicinal supplement for goats in central Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2018) Korsor, Morlu
Goats (Capra aegarus hircus) are small ruminants found in almost all parts of the world reared by both rural subsistence and commercial farmers as a sustainable source of household income and protein-food supply. About 480 million goats exist across the world, about 75% of which are found in developing countries (Boer Goat Breeder‘s Society of Namibia, 2008). Goats can be classified in a number of ways, but the simplest classification is by animal products. The three major classifications are (1) dairy, (2) fibre and (3) meat. The two other major classifications include pets or companions and goatskin breeds. Furthermore, some breeds are dual-purpose from which two products can be obtained, such as meat and milk (Flanders & Gillespie, 2015). Much of southern and western Namibia is used for small-stock farming in which goats predominate in many communal farming districts. Among the 2.5 million goats in Namibia, about 40% are Boer goats and 60% belong to indigenous breeds, and, over 65% of all goats are found in communal areas (Mendelsohn, 2006; Kruger & Lammerts-Imbuwa, 2008). Although goats are predominantly browsers that do not seem to compete with cattle and sheep when roaming freely in the natural veld (Rothauge & Engelbrecht, 2000), it is critical to feed and supplement their rations, especially during lactation, for improved production. Lactating Boer goats need 400 g of lucerne, 150 g maize and 150 g broiler litter per day, or 100 g of brewer grains supplement daily during winter (Smith, 2006). In Namibia, goats are mostly reared for meat, when the owner is too poor to own cattle. Goats, which are more popular than sheep, are milked for domestic purposes, slaughtered for household consumption and sold in times of cash needs (Schneider, 1994).
Demographics, distribution, ownership and naming patterns of pets presented to a mobile clinic for sterilisation in Namibia
(2020) Baines, Ian John; Baines, Sharon; Mushonga, Borden; Gorejena, Brighton; Mbiri, Pricilla; Samkange, Alaster; Kandiwa, Erick; Madzingira, Oscar
This study analysed the demographics, spatial distribution, ownership and naming patterns of dogs and cats presented to the University of Namibia’s veterinary mobile clinic for sterilisation from small underserved towns around Namibia. The proportional distribution of pets was determined based on species, sex, age, owner gender, town of origin and naming categories. Overall, 84.4% (n = 2909) of the animals presented for sterilisation were dogs and the remainder were cats (15.6%, n = 539). Of the dogs presented for sterilisation, 51.9% (n = 1509) were male and 48.1% (n = 1400) were female. In cats, 51.4% (n = 277) were male, whilst 48.6% (n = 262) were female. Overall, the majority of pets (68.2%) were presented for sterilisation from urban areas than rural areas (31.8%). About 49.8% of men and 24.2% of women that presented pets for sterilisation came from urban areas, whilst 20.1% of the women and 11.7% of the men that presented pets for sterilisation were from rural areas. Of all the pets presented for sterilisation, the majority were male-owned (64%, n = 2206). Pets were mainly presented for sterilisation at < 2 years (41.1%), 2 to < 4 years (32.4%) and 4 to < 6 years (15.4%). The naming of pets was mainly after people (42.4%), circumstances (20.6%) and appearance (15.5%). This community engagement exercise yielded valuable demographic data indicating that pet origin, sex and species and owner gender were important factors in determining the voluntary presentation of pets for sterilisation in the study area.
Determination of nutritive values of browsable plants utilised by cattle during the dry season in Sibbinda constituency of Zambezi Region - Namibia
(2013) Kasale, Fabian
This study was conducted in the Sibbinda constituency of Zambezi region in Namibia to determine and contrast the nutritional values of available browsable plants and to recommend and promote the use of these browsable plants and plant parts as cattle feed supplements during dry seasons. In depth focus group discussions and interviews were conducted to glean indigenous knowledge on how cattle utilize the browse in- situ. A total of 200 households from the Sibbinda constituency were interviewed through a questionnaire to identify locally important browse species. Besides that, cattle were followed and observed while grazing and browsing undisturbed .This was done to confirm and validate the indigenous knowledge obtained from focus group discussion with communal farmers in the Sibbinda constituency. The palatability was determined through a structured experiment were the browse was offered in feeding pens. The palatability trial revealed contrast in the palatability of leaves and pods browsed by cattle during the dry season in Sibbinda constituency. Browsable tree and shrub leaves were collected for botanic identification, chemical composition analysis and feed evaluation. A total of 10 different browse species were identified. Ranking analysis revealed the following five browse species as the most common ones in order of importance; Acacia erioloba, Dichrostachy cinerea, Guibourlia coleosperm and Colosphospermum mopane. The chemical composition, digestable energy, metabolisable energy and the digestibility were compared by F-Test using the SPSS software version 21. The crude protein (CP) values of the edible components ranged between 9.4 to 27.2% and were significantly different (P<0.05) across browse species. The crude fibre (CF) content was also significantly different (P<0.05) across species and CF values ranged from 14 to 36%. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) also differed (P<0.05) with a range of 53-72%. Nitrogen values ranged from 1.51% to 4.37 (P<0.05).Generally the differences in chemical composition between different browse species were significant.
Determination of the effects of HIV/AIDS on farm income and food production on communal farms in Kavango Region
(2011) Togarepi, Cecil
Abstract provided by author
Die aanbod van en die vraag na rooivleis in die beheerde gebiede van Suid-Afrika
(1977) Van Der Walt, Tjaart Johannes
Effects of chemical treatment on nutrient content and palatability of Senegalia Mellifera and Cataphractes Alexandraii bush-based feeds
(University of Namibia, 2019) Ndozi, Hosticks Mukendwa
The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the chemical composition of untreated Senegalia mellifera and Catophractes alexandrii; (2) the effect of NaOH and urea treatment at different levels (0%, 4%, 6% and 8%) on chemical composition of S. mellifera milled samples; (3) the nutrient composition of formulated diets from chemically and fibrolytic enzyme treated S. mellifera samples; (4) palatability of the feeds developed from S. mellifera, when fed to weaned Damara sheep. Samples consisting of small branches and twigs were analysed for chemical composition. Samples of S. mellifera were also treated for 21 days and the chemical composition was determined. Feed formulated from treated and untreated S. mellifera was assessed for palatability over 12 days in Damara sheep. The results showed that S. mellifera had a higher (P < 0.05) concentration of CP, NDF, ash and Ca than C. alexandrii. The concentration (g/kg DM) for S. mellifera were: CP (147.42 ± 0.37), NDF (653.63 ± 0.41) and ash (52.27 ± 0.11). Chemical composition (DM, OM, CP, EE, ADF, NDF, ash) of treated S. mellifera was influenced (P < 0.0001) by treatment. Treatment with 4% NaOH, 4% urea, 6% urea and 8% urea increased (P < 0.05) CP concentration compared to control. Formulated diets differed (P < 0.05) in their DM, OM, EE, NDF, ADF and ash. The control diet had higher (P < 0.05) NDF concentration compared to diets with 4% urea or 4% NaOH. Feed intake was influenced (P < 0.05) by day and diet x day interactions. Urea (8%) and NaOH (4%) treatment improved the chemical composition and palatability for S. mellifera feed, but the reaction conditions including chemicals, concentration, moisture content, pH and duration need to be optimized, to allow greater reduction of the lignin concentration.
Effects of chemical treatment on nutrient content and palatability of Senegalia mellifera and Catophractes Alexandrii bush-based feeds
(University of Namibia, 2019) Ndozi, Hosticks Mukendwa
The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) the chemical composition of untreated Senegalia mellifera and Catophractes alexandrii; (2) the effect of NaOH and urea treatment at different levels (0%, 4%, 6% and 8%) on chemical composition of S. mellifera milled samples; (3) the nutrient composition of formulated diets from chemically and fibrolytic enzyme treated S. mellifera samples; (4) palatability of the feeds developed from S. mellifera, when fed to weaned Damara sheep. Samples consisting of small branches and twigs were analysed for chemical composition. Samples of S. mellifera were also treated for 21 days and the chemical composition was determined. Feed formulated from treated and untreated S. mellifera was assessed for palatability over 12 days in Damara sheep. The results showed that S. mellifera had a higher (P < 0.05) concentration of CP, NDF, ash and Ca than C. alexandrii. The concentration (g/kg DM) for S. mellifera were: CP (147.42 ± 0.37), NDF (653.63 ± 0.41) and ash (52.27 ± 0.11). Chemical composition (DM, OM, CP, EE, ADF, NDF, ash) of treated S. mellifera was influenced (P < 0.0001) by treatment. Treatment with 4% NaOH, 4% urea, 6% urea and 8% urea increased (P < 0.05) CP concentration compared to control. Formulated diets differed (P < 0.05) in their DM, OM, EE, NDF, ADF and ash. The control diet had higher (P < 0.05) NDF concentration compared to diets with 4% urea or 4% NaOH. Feed intake was influenced (P < 0.05) by day and diet x day interactions. Urea (8%) and NaOH (4%) treatment improved the chemical composition and palatability for S. mellifera feed, but the reaction conditions including chemicals, concentration, moisture content, pH and duration need to be optimized, to allow greater reduction of the lignin concentration.
Effects of feeding maize-soybean meal based diets with a tanniniferous additive (A. karroo leaf meal) to broiler chickens
(University of Namibia, 2013) Shihepo, Sesilia; Mpofu, Irvin; Petrus, Patricia
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of feeding maize-soybean meal based diets with a tanniferous additive (A. karroo leaf meal) mainly on the fat deposition of broiler chickens under Namibian environmental conditions.treatments were imposed on the finisher stage of maturity. Therefore, research is recommended to test the treatment from day old chickens. Repeated feeding trials on a larger scale is recommended before A. karroo can be safely used by feed manufacturers. The same research should be done with different broiler breeds (indigenous chickens)

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