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Item Perceptions and barriers to disclosure of HIV status of children by caregivers at Donkerhook clinic, Windhoek, Khomas region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Lomboleni, Ndinomukulili N.Children HIV disclosure remains a complicated process influenced by caregivers’ perceptions, emotional readiness, stigma, and access to support systems. This study investigates the factors affecting caregivers’ decisions regarding HIV status disclosure to children, with a particular focus on barriers, facilitators, and the role of structured disclosure programs. Grounded in the Social Ecological Model (SEM), the study applied a qualitative research design, using in-depth interviews with caregivers and healthcare providers at Donkerhoek Clinic, a local health facility in Windhoek, Namibia. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key patterns in disclosure practices, emotional responses, and support mechanisms. Findings indicate that while some caregivers recognize the benefits of early disclosure, many opt for a delayed or phased approach due to concerns about the child's mental ability to understand their diagnosis, fear of emotional distress, and societal stigma. Limited access to structured disclosure counselling and inconsistent healthcare support further hinder disclosure efforts. On the other hand, caregivers with access to healthcare-led disclosure programs and peer support groups reported greater confidence and improved disclosure outcomes. The study also highlights that stigma remains a persistent barrier, emphasizing the need for community-driven interventions to promote positive disclosure environments. These findings highlight the necessity of integrating structured disclosure frameworks into children's HIV care services. Strengthening healthcare provider training, increasing caregiver support networks, and developing culturally sensitive disclosure strategies can facilitate timely and effective disclosure. Future research should explore children’s post-disclosure experiences and the long-term psychosocial impact of disclosure on their well-being. By i addressing these gaps, the study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of children's HIV disclosure changing aspects and informs policy recommendations for improved disclosure practices in NamibiaItem Experiences of patients lost to follow up during tuberculosis treatment in Oshakati district, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Shingandji, Petrus K.; Shilunga, Anna P.K.Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health concern affecting over 10.8 million people in 2024. Loss or lost to follow up (LTFU) during TB treatment is a pressing issue hindering the success of TB treatment worldwide. LTFU may lead to a prolonged TB infection, relapse, and multidrug resistance, and may contribute to treatment failure. Despite advancements in TB treatment, many patients still experience interruptions in their TB treatment, leading to higher rates of LTFU during TB treatment, which negatively impact both individual health outcomes and broader public health efforts. Oshakati District is a significant contributor to the national TB burden with a growing concern of patients LTFU during TB treatment. The aim of the study was to explore and describe the experiences of patients LTFU during TB treatment in Oshakati District, Namibia. Ethical principles were applied throughout the conduct of the study. A qualitative design was adopted using a combination of exploratory, descriptive and phenomenological approaches. A non-probability, purposive sampling technique was used to select 11 participants who met the inclusion criteria of the study. A semi-structured interview was used to collect the data, and a tape recorder was utilized. Data were thematically analyzed and the findings were presented in themes and sub-themes. The study identified two themes and eleven sub-themes. Findings revealed that TB patients lost to follow-up in Oshakati District faced intertwined social, economic, psychological, and systemic barriers. Financial hardship, stigma, weak support systems, pill burden, side effects, and limited health literacy significantly undermined treatment i adherence. Disengagement from care was often a reflection of survival struggles and social exclusion rather than unwillingness. The Health Belief Model was utilized to interpret the findings. The study concluded that the experiences of patients LTFU during TB treatment were multifaceted. The study recommends strengthening TB care through patient education, expanded and accessible services, financial support, and stigma-reduction campaigns. Nurses and Community Health Workers should provide culturally appropriate guidance, counselling, and peer support to enhance adherence. Future research should replicate similar studies in other districts to compare experiences of patients lost to follow-up during TB treatment. It also acknowledges limitations related to methodological constraints, participant-related challenges such as reluctance or bias, and difficulties in accessing certain individuals or settingsItem Knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers on the prevention and management of Diarrhoea in children under five years, Otjiwarongo district, Otjozondjupa region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Shilongo-Munenguni, Wilikka; Iita, HermineThis study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diarrhea prevention and management among mothers of children under 5 years in Otjiwarongo district in the Otjozondjupa region, Namibia. The specific objectives were to assess the general knowledge, attitudes and practices of mothers about diarrhea prevention, and management; to determine mothers' attitudes towards diarrhea prevention and management; and to explore mothers’ practices towards the prevention and management of diarrhea in children under five years in Otjiwarongo district, Otjozondjupa region. Employing a quantitative approach using a cross- sectional study, the study utilized simple random sampling to select 390 mothers from Otjiwarongo district clinics and Health Centers. Responses were analyzed using one-sample chi square tests. The findings revealed significant gaps in knowledge and practices regarding the prevention and management of diarrhea. Approximately 39.1% of mothers lacked understanding of diarrhea as a condition, and 61.1% were unaware of common causes, impacting their ability to prevent and manage diarrhea effectively. Additionally, 49.2% did not recognize the role of hygiene, while 41.2% underestimated the importance of hand washing. Knowledge of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was deficient in 43.6% of the respondents. Furthermore, 40.4% did not prioritize medical attention, and 45.6% were unaware of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding. Poor dietary practices were evident as 42.6% had limited knowledge about appropriate nutrition during diarrhea episodes. Vaccination knowledge was lacking in 42.2% of mothers, with substantial gaps in understanding proper waste disposal (42.6%) and clean water importance (48.9%).These findings underscore the need for enhanced education and interventions by the Ministry of Health and Social Services and the Otjozondjupa Region Health Directorate. Strategies should include targeted mothers education programs, improved access to i clean water, and promoting breastfeeding and vaccinations. Education on hygiene, sanitation, and child nutrition is crucial to improve health outcomes for children under five years. Addressing these gaps can significantly reduce the incidence of diarrheal diseases and improve child health in this vulnerable age groupItem Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis among adolescents in secondary schools, Grootfontein district Otjozondjupa region(University of Namibia, 2025) Mutangara, A.M.; Shilunga, A.Adequate knowledge, attitude, and practice of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) are crucial for HIV prevention, especially in regions with high infection rates. Despite its life-saving potential, there remains a glaring gap in school based PrEP education in Namibia, leaving adolescents under-informed and vulnerable. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding HIV PrEP among adolescents in secondary schools in Grootfontein district, Otjozondjupa region, Namibia. Methodology: The study used a quantitative, cross-sectional design, 341 learners were sampled from three secondary schools. Non-probability judgmental sampling selected the schools, followed by stratified random sampling to select the learner’s respondents. Results: The findings showed that most respondents were females (62.2%), aged 15-19 years (79.5%). About 54.5% had never heard of HIV PrEP, and only 15.2% knew that PrEP is specifically for HIV-negative individuals. While 49.5% recognized PrEP as an antiretroviral treatment for HIV Prevention, 39.9% were unsure. A majority (39.3%) understood PrEP’s use when at risk of HIV, and 45.2% would feel comfortable discussing PrEP with healthcare providers. Additionally, 42.8% indicated they would recommend PrEP to a friend or partner, with 51.6% agreeing it is essential for adolescents to have access to PrEP. Conclusion: The study found significant links between demographic factors and HIV PrEP-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Despite positive attitudes, gaps in knowledge and practice persist, underscoring the need for targeted, school-based sexual education interventionsItem Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards prostate cancer screening amongst men in Zambezi region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Buchane, Melody Namasiku; Sheehama, JacobProstate cancer is a major health issue worldwide, including the Zambezi Region of Namibia. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding screening of PCa among men in Zambezi region. A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive approach was used, with 391 men from all six constituencies of the Zambezi Region. Respondents were selected through a multi-stage sampling method, combining stratified random and cluster sampling. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. The analysis employed descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and Chi square tests to examine the prevalence of various knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) indicators. On the other hand, inferential statistics was used to identify correlations between KAP and screening behaviors. The results showed that respondents had moderate knowledge of prostate cancer and a generally positive attitude (49.9%) toward screening. However, this knowledge and attitude did not appear to influence actual screening practices, which were low at just 4.1%. Statistical analysis (p-values of 0.927 of knowledge and 0.692 of attitudes) revealed no significant differences in knowledge and attitudes across constituencies. Additionally, the analysis showed no relationship between knowledge and screening practices and between attitudes and practices. However, there was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes. Education level was found to be significantly associated with knowledge, while other demographic factors showed no significant correlation. The study concluded that knowledge and attitudes alone do not significantly impact screening practices. It recommends further research into psychological factors influencing screening behavior, as well as a qualitative study to explore barriers to screening of PCaItem Factors that influence adolescent on the use of contraceptives in the dreams project, Khomas region Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Embula, Simaneka; Sibalatani-Libuku, EricaContraceptive use is crucial for preventing unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents. However, low contraceptive uptake in Sub-Saharan Africa remains a significant public health concern. The study fit a binary logistics model, to explore fctors influencing contraceptive use among adolescents in the DREAMS project within the Khomas Region, Namibia, to identify and analyze the demographic, social, and economic factors associated with contraceptive use among adolescents, to evaluate the associations between adolescent knowledge and attitude levels regarding contraceptives and their actual contraceptive use. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted among 359 adolescent girls (aged 15-19 years) in the Khomas region, Namibia. A bivariate and binary logistic regression analysis assessed the association between factors and contraceptive use. The results showed that adolescents’ age, occupation level, method of contraceptive use, reason for not using contraceptives and parent’s awareness on the use of contraceptives were associated with contraceptive use. The results also showed that living arrangements, particularly living with one parent, were associated with higher contraceptive use. The results further showed that parental awareness of their child's contraceptive use was positively associated with actual use. In addition, the result showed that there was a significant difference between those who discussed the contraceptive methods with their health provider. Contraceptive use among adolescent girls exhibits strong significant association, even though some demographic, instructional, and other factors were not associated with contraceptive use. Similar studies in the future need to consider reasons behind specific living arrangement influences and delve deeper into the dynamics of partner and family communicationItem Factors influencing the uptake for postnatal HIV re-test among breastfeeding mothers in Nkurenkuru district, Kavango West region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Andreas, Saara; Alfeus, AnnaPostnatal mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV can occur breastfeeding. About 90% of children living with HIV acquired it through their mothers. Postnatal MTCT of HIV from breastmilk is one of the concerns placing a burden on paediatric HIV infection elimination efforts. Therefore, postnatal HIV re-testing is crucial in the detection of acute infections among breastfeeding mothers to prevent avoidable MTCT of HIV. This study aimed to investigate factors influencing postnatal HIV retesting uptake among breastfeeding mothers in Nkurenkuru district. The study was carried out among breastfeeding mothers who were HIV-negative at delivery from 7 participating health facilities in Nkurenkuru district (Gcaruhwa Clinic, Mbambi Clinic, Mpungu H.C, Nankudu Clinic, Nkurenkuru H.C, Rupara H.C, and Tondoro H.C) with a sample size of 342 in October 2023. A cross-sectional quantitative design was employed. All respondents consented in writing and the researcher used a questionnaire to collect the study data. The data was cleaned and analysed using Epi Info 7.2 version. Dependent and independent variables association was tested using Chi-square test, with the statistical significance acceptance of p-value ≤0.05. This study found a declining HIV retest uptake among breastfeeding mothers. Out of 342 mothers enrolled, 280 (82%) were tested 3 months after delivery, and only 22 (7%) were tested by month 12. Education level (χ2 = 18.25, p < 0.001), ANC visits count (χ2 = 18.25, p < 0.001), and parity (χ2 = 36.44, p < 0.000) were associated with HIV retesting among breastfeeding mothers. Factors influencing the uptake of postnatal HIV retesting among breastfeeding mothers are the mother’s education level, ANC visits, and parity. The study recommends the Ministry of Health to strengthen awareness and on-going health education on the importance and benefits of consistent postnatal HIV retesting among breastfeeding mothers, as well as ensuring testing accessibility through outreach programsItem Exploring the experiences of patients on coronary artery disease treatment at Roman Catholic Hospital-Cardiac center, Windhoek, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Amapindi, Letta; Iita, HermineCoronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant global health concern, contributing to high mortality and disability rates. In Namibia, CAD accounts for 7.20% of total deaths, driven by urbanization, lifestyle changes, and rising comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. This study explored the experiences of CAD patients receiving treatment at the Roman Catholic Hospital-Cardiac Centre in Windhoek, Namibia, to inform improved management strategies. Qualitative approach with a descriptive, exploratory, and phenomenological design was used. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used. Participants were purposefully sampled until data saturation was achieved, which occurred with a final sample of six participants. Data was collected through unstructured interviews and analyzed using Tesch's qualitative data analysis method. The findings revealed two (2) main themes that are positive and negative experiences of patients on the treatment of CAD; five (5) themes and eleven (11) sub-themes. The positive experience being support system comprising family, friends and health care system, and lifestyle modification. Lifestyle changes and strong family support were found to be crucial in improving patient outcomes. The negative experiences are emotional factors including stress and pain; risk factors including comorbidities; and the consequences such as physical limitations and financial crisis. The study findings will inform the policy makers and stakeholders to develop preventative and management strategies that will enhance patient outcome. Patients on coronary artery disease treatment have both negative and positive experiences that affect various aspects of their life and influence outcome. The study recommends educational programs and nationwide public health campaigns to raise awareness about CAD symptoms, risk factors, and prevention strategiesItem Perspectives of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus regarding the integration of their care into primary health care services at Okankolo Health Center, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Angula, Magano; Mitonga, KabwebweIntegrating HIV/AIDS services with primary health care means that health facilities operate as a single department. Integration involves sharing resources, space, staff, registers, and operating rooms, rather than having separate departments with their own staff and equipment. The aim of the study was to explore the perspectives of People Living with HIV (PLHIV) regarding the integration of HIV/AIDS care with existing Primary Health Services in Okankolo Health Centre (OHC), Onandjokwe District, Oshikoto Region, Namibia. The objectives of the study were to explore and describe the perspectives of PLHIV as well as to understand what input PLHIV have on the integration of the two services. A qualitative research approach with an explorative design was used during the study. An interview guide, an audio recorder, and field notes were used during in-depth face-to-face interviews. Participants were male and female, aged between 18 and 50, who had been collecting their Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) medication at Okankolo Health Centre before and after the system was integrated. A purposive sample of nine PLHIV was selected and interviewed. The sample size was determined by data saturation. Tesch’s eight steps of coding was used to analyze data. The study findings showed that PLHIV at Okankolo Health Centre are comfortable with integration system, as it creates bonds between clients and health care workers, reduce stigma and reduce number of visits to the health care centers. Although participants are satisfied with the integration system, they still face challenges such as bad attitudes from nurses, long waiting time at the facility and lack of privacy at the Pharmacy. It is therefore recommended for the ministry of health to keep up integration services, training and education on integration to be offered in ii nursing schools, and for Onandjokwe Primary Health Care Supervisor (PHCS) to come up with ways of creating privacy at the pharmacy when medication are being dispensedItem Factors associated with increased number of abortions among women at Katima Mulilo State Hospital, Zambezi region(University of Namibia, 2025) Simasiku, Lynn M.; Shilunga, AnnaBackground: In low- and middle-income countries, abortion is one of the leadingcauses of maternal mortality. According to reports, abortion is a common causeofmaternal death in Namibia. This study described and probed factors associatedwiththe high number of abortion cases and aimed to better understand, in an exploratorymanner, the knowledge and awareness of abortion implications amongwomenexperiencing abortion at Katima Mulilo State Hospital. Methodology: A qualitative approach with an exploratory, descriptive, andcontextual design was used. The study's population consisted of womenwhounderwent abortions at Katima Mulilo State Hospital. Purposive samplingwasemployed to select ten participants until data saturation was reached. Asemi-structured interview guide was the sole means of data collection, and the collecteddata were analysed following the six steps proposed by Braun and Clarke (2013). Ethical considerations of institutional clearance, informed consent, the principleofjustice, beneficence, privacy, and the principle of autonomy were adhered to. Findings: Findings showed key reasons for abortion , including financial insecurityand dependence, being unprepared for pregnancy and motherhood, pregnancy-relatedmental and physical conditions, feelings of control over dismissal, influencesonemployment and education, personal assurance regarding termination, lack of partnersupport, lack of family support, risks of negative effects on family relationships, institutional and organizational support services, termination services availableat private clinics, government clinics, and illegal termination services, as well as ii societal norms and community socio-cultural beliefs surrounding terminationandpregnancy. Conclusions: There are factors associated with an increased number of abortionsinwomen at Katima Mulilo State Hospital in the Zambezi region. Therefore, thestudyrecommended that nurses offer comprehensive counselling to women onfamilyplanning, sexual health, and contraception options, promote better accesstoreproductive healthcare, and advocate for policy changes to ensure accessiblecontraception and supportive work environmentsItem Pre-exposure prophylaxis low uptake associated factors among pregnant women attending Antenatal care at Intermediate Hospital Katutura(University of Namibia, 2025) Abner, Elina N.; Mitonga, Honore KabwebweThis study explored the factors influencing the use of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Intermediate Hospital Katutura. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combined quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to evaluate both the determinants of PrEP uptake and the participants’ understanding and acceptance of PrEP. The study was conducted on 150 participants using systematic random sampling for the quantitative data and 14 participants using purposive sampling for qualitative data. Data was used using structured questionnaires for quantitative data and in-depth interview for qualitative data. SPSS version 28.0 was used to analyse the quantitative data and thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. Quantitative analysis of 150 pregnant women identified significant associations between PrEP use and socio-demographic factors. Notably, employment status was a key predictor, with women in blue-collar jobs and those unemployed demonstrating significantly lower odds (ORs of 0.55 and 0.65; p=0.006) of PrEP uptake. Although higher age, gravidity, and parity showed trends toward lower uptake, these were not statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Additionally, women in their second trimester were significantly more likely (p=0.045) to adopt PrEP compared to those in their first trimester, emphasizing the influence of pregnancy stage on health behavior. Concerns about potential side effects are a major barrier, influencing the decision of 50% of the participants not to take PrEP, with only 25% disagreeing with this sentiment Qualitative findings highlighted social and cultural beliefs, perceived support from healthcare providers and partners, and barriers such as stigma, misinformation, and ii potential side effects impacting PrEP acceptance. The qualitative study used two themes: the perception of the pregnant women on the awareness of PrEP among pregnant women attending ANC at IHK and the perception of pregnant women on the acceptability of PrEP among pregnant women attending ANC at IHK Based on these results, the study recommends targeted awareness campaigns, enhanced healthcare provider training, support programs involving family and partners, and efforts to address financial and rural– urban disparities. Reducing stigma and misinformation, alongside ongoing program monitoring, are essential to bolster PrEP uptake and improve HIV prevention among pregnant womenItem Factors associated with Measles-Rubella dropout status among children in Grootfontein district, Otjozondjupa region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2023) Shoombe, Taimi Namutenya; Honore, Mitonga KabwebweIntroduction: The prevention of child mortality through immunization is one of the most cost effective and widely applied public interventions. However, a proportion of children (20%), particularly in Namibia are not fully vaccinated with the recommended vaccines due to unknown reasons. This study aimed to investigate the factors that are associated with the Measles-Rubella immunization dropout in children seeking health care services in Grootfontein district. Methods: A community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted among randomly selected parents/caretakers of children aged 12-23 months and with a total sample of 300 participants (100 cases and 200 controls). The cases were parents/ caretakers of children who did not receive the first dose of Measles-Rubella immunization and the controls were parents/ caretakers of children who received the first dose of Measles-Rubella immunization. Data was collected and analyzed using Epi info version 7. Logistic regression for bivariate and multivariate analysis on risk factors was carried out to determine the odds ratios at 95% confidence level and significance at a P-value of 0.05. Results: Age of respondents (AOR=2.00, 95%CI=1.5 – 2.6, P-value=0.01); residential address (AOR=2.00, 95%CI=1.0 – 3.4, P-value=0.02); quality services provided (AOR=3.00, 95%CI=1.6 – 8.7, P-value=0.02), education level (AOR=2.00, 95%CI=1.5 – 2.3, P-value=0.02) were statistically significant associated with Measles-Rubella dropout. To reduce immunization dropout, Grootfontein district needs to focus on strengthening health education activities on immunization, create more outreach points to improve access to immunization services, and ensure availability of vaccines at Health facilitiesItem Psychosocial effects of COVID-19 pandemic on 2020 intake of public health and nursing students at University of Namibia Oshakati campus, Oshana region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Nantinda, Sakaria; Chirimbana, MosesThe research project motivation is to determine the psychological and social repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on 2020 intake of public health and nursing students at Oshakati campus of University of Namibia, in Oshana region, Namibia and identify their coping strategies against psychosocial effects. A project approach of qualitative in nature was implemented for conducting the study through a phenomenological study design. Seventeen (17) participants were selected purposefully from 156 targeted population of public health and nursing students. The data of the research were collected through a recorded comprehensively interviews of face-to-face and field notes, manually analysed, and interpreted. Study findings indicated that psychological and social effects are interrelated aspects which can influence one another in connection with COVID-19 pandemic. The study finding shows that stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression are major psychological effects due to COVID-19 pandemic measures and online study. Poor social interaction and financial crisis are social effects which contributed to psychological effects as well. Findings further shows that self-management (physical activities, hobbies, adhere to regulations, and staying positive), spiritual (religious) and social support (from family members, friends, and health professionals) was coping mechanisms to overcome psychosocial effects of COVID-19 pandemic. The study recommended that the university should establish a policy that addresses the most effective strategies for managing and strengthen psychosocial support services to students, to maintain educational continuity and students’ wellbeing during pandemic. It also recommended that effectively engage in physical activities and positive attitude facilitate students to maintain normal life over the journey of pandemicItem Factors hindering the uptake of vitamin a supplementation among under-five children, Oshakati district, Oshana region(University of Namibia, 2025) Emvula, Albertina; Uushona, SelmaVitamin A supplementation is a crucial public health intervention aimed at reducing child mortality and morbidity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where vitamin A deficiency is prevalent. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing the uptake of Vitamin A supplementation among children under five years old in the Oshakati district, Namibia. The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional study design. A total of 198 parents were surveyed at five health centres using structured questionnaires to gather information on factors such as income, education, transport, and healthcare access. The study found that 46.5% of participants strongly agreed that Vitamin A supplementation should start at six months, and 53% agreed that parents should know their child’s follow up schedule. Key barriers included transportation costs (78.3%) and long wait times (69.2%), while 65.7% reported Vitamin A shortages. Knowledge was high, with 166 (83.8%) strongly agreeing on the importance of Vitamin A for eye health and 76.8% recognising its role in preventing deficiency, though gaps remained, such as awareness of xerophthalmia (33.8%). Chi-square tests were conducted to determine associations between socio-demographic factors and supplementation uptake, with results showing no statistically significant associations between variables like education, income, and occupation with Vitamin A adherence. The study concluded that enhancing health education, improving healthcare access, and addressing transportation barriers are vital to increasing Vitamin A supplementation adherence. The study recommends interventions to address transportation barriers and improve healthcare service efficiency, particularly in rural and remote areas, to enhance access to Vitamin A supplementation. Additionally, strengthening community engagement through health education to improve parental awarenessItem Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among students at the University of Namibia, main campus, Khomas region(University of Namibia, 2025) Heita, Justine Ndahepuluka; Amukugo, HansThe emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic heightened global health concerns, leading governments to engage in research endeavours focused on forecasting, mitigating, and managing the disease. Despite the recognized efficacy of vaccination in controlling the spread and severity of COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy poses a significant challenge, particularly in low to middle-income countries like Namibia.This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination and vaccine hesitancy among students at the University of Namibia's main campus in the Khomas Region, Namibia.Employed a quantitative cross-sectional analytical approach, data was collected from 331 students using a self-administered questionnaire. The participants, selected through stratified random sampling, represented four faculties at the University of Namibia's main campus. Informed consent was obtained, and SPSS version 27 facilitated data analysis through univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques.The study revealed a low vaccination rate (24.2%) and high hesitancy (48%) among students, with females exhibiting more hesitancy than males. Factors such as gender, faculty of study, safety and side effect concerns, lack of trust in vaccine development and healthcare providers, political influences, information from friends, and attitude were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy (p<0.05).This study contributes to existing knowledge by highlighting a low vaccination rate and high hesitancy among university students. While various factors showed associations with vaccine hesitancy, concerns about safety (OR=3.278: CI;1.403-7.659), concerns about side effects (OR=7.374: CI;3.709-14.658) and other concerns (OR=19.188: CI;2.057-178.992) emerged as predictors of vaccine hesitancy. Recommendations include targeted educational campaigns within faculties, policy incentives for vaccination, fostering peer-led discussions, and ongoing research collaboration. Implementation of these measures aims to address vaccine hesitancy among University of Namibia students, promoting a safer campus environment and contributing to broader public health effortsItem An investigation of challenges that impede the elimination of malaria in Andara district, Kavango east region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Kauejao, Shereen; Lukolo, LindaThis study was conducted to identify challenges that impede the elimination of malaria in Andara District, Kavango East Region, Namibia, so that efforts may be put to address such. Interventions which have been put in place include universal large-scale deployment of indoor residual spraying, distributing insecticide-treated bed nets and treating with artemisinin-based combination therapy and many others. However, cases of malaria morbidity and mortality in Andara District persisted. So, this research explored deeper the major challenges faced by the communities in trying to control this endemic disease in Andara District, Kavango region. This study used a mixed research design, meaning that both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used in this study to sufficiently capture the trends and details of the malaria situation in Andara District. Stratified random sampling method was used to collect 360 respondents from the population. A self-administered questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. The study found that factors that impede malaria elimination in Andara District include limited research on traditional malaria prevention methods, uncontrolled cross border migration, favorable environmental conditions, good climatic conditions, resistance of mosquitos to insecticides and poor surveillance of malaria transmission hotspots. The study also found that some barriers to mosquito control and prevention in Andara District include the resistance of mosquitos to insecticides, shortage of nets and sprays and shortage of healthcare workers. In light of these findings, it was recommended that the Ministry of Health and Social Services should conduct surveillance to collect, analyze, and interpret data related to malaria. The information gathered should be used to inform the planning, implementation monitoring and evaluation of malaria cases and fatalities. Surveillance may also help the country to track evolving trends in malaria-related illnesses. It has also been recommended that the government of Namibia should implement different interventions such as mass drug administration, mass testing and treatment and mass relapse prevention in order to reduce malaria transmission. The government should also implement targeted testing and treatment, routine testing and treatment at points of entry and testing and treatment of people coming to or returning from Andara District. Moreover, since this study was limited to the Andara District, it has been recommended that further studies should be carried out in all fourteen regions of Namibia in order to obtain findings that may be applied to the entire countryItem Assessment of awareness, attitudes, and practices of environmental health practitioners regarding ambient air pollution and its associated health effects in Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Itumba, Laudika; Alfeius, A.Air pollution remains a significant global health threat, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations, including women, children, and the elderly, across all continents. HPs are often responsible for monitoring air quality and implementing guidelines to safeguard public health. This study assessed the environmental health practitioners' awareness, attitudes, and practices regarding ambient air pollution and its associated health effects in Namibia. Using a quantitative cross-sectional analytical design, data were collected from 66 out of 76 environmental health practitioners across all 14 Regions of Namibia, yielding an 86.8% response rate. A validated online questionnaire was used. Data were analysed using SPSS version 27. The results showed that about 6.7% of participants were aware of AAP and its associated health effects. Regarding attitudes, 59% of the respondents had a negative attitude towards AAP. 9 % always participated in preventative activities regarding AAP, while 66.7% indicated that they never got involved in awareness campaigns. There was a strong negative correlation (-0.71) between the awareness and attitudes towards AAP, and a weak negative correlation (-0.20) between the awareness and practices indicating that higher awareness of AAP does not lead to greater engagement. A weak positive correlation (0.30) between attitudes and practices implies that positive attitudes may encourage greater involvement with AAP prevention strategies. Demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and experience did not significantly influence EHPs’ attitudes toward ambient air pollution (AAP), highlighting the greater impact of systemic barriers like limited resources and unclear policies. Majority of EHPs did not prioritise AAP prevention strategies due to insufficient training and infrastructure. The study recommends continuous professional development and clear guidelines to better equip EHPs in addressing air pollution effectivelyItem Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices on infertility among adults visiting the gynaecology and urology clinics at Intermediate Katutura Hospital and Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Namene, Maria; Uushona, S. I.Infertility is one of the global burdens, an under-observed but significant health problem affecting one in four couples in developing countries. A total number of 48 million couples are affected by infertility globally and a total number of 186 million individuals globally. In Namibia, about 15% of couples struggle with infertility. Although causes of infertility are equally shared among male and female factors each accounting for 30%, infertility is highly stigmatised, and women are usually blamed for it. The study aims to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices on infertility among adults visiting the Gynaecology and Urology clinics at Intermediate Hospital Katutura and Windhoek Central Hospital in Windhoek, Namibia. A convergent parallel mixed method approach was used in this study. A total number of 118 respondents were recruited to fill in the questionnaire and 18 interviews held. The study was conducted on respondents aged 21 to 79 years, including both males and females. Participants had varying levels of education, ranging from no formal education to tertiary education, and different employment statuses, including employed, self-employed, and unemployed. Additionally, respondents came from diverse tribal backgrounds. The study discovered that the knowledge on infertility is limited, 37.1% do not identify infertility as a disease and 75.2% believe contraceptives causes infertility. Participants believe witchcraft and curses causes infertility. Seeking medical services is listed as the initial option when struggling with infertility. Adoption and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) are acceptable options when struggling with infertility. Knowledge on infertility is limited among respondents, the misconception about contraceptives is widespread. An average practice on infertility is noted and the act of assigning blame for infertility is widespread in various communities. Raising awareness on infertility is recommended to increase infertility knowledge, reduce stigma, and create awareness. Dedicated fertility clinics in state hospitals are required to offer specialised services to individuals struggling with infertility. Research recruiting individuals dealing with infertility is encouraged, in order to understand their experiences better. The misconceptions of contraceptive usage leading to infertility need to be tackled through the health campaignsItem Integrating traditional health care practice into primary health care services: From the perceptions of nurses and medical officers in Windhoek District, Khomas region(University of Namibia, 2024) Shilyomunhu, Hesekiel Tuutaleni; Shumba, T. W.This research explored the perceptions of nurses and medical officers in Windhoek District, Khomas Region, on the relevance of integrating traditional health care practice into primary health care services. The study aimed to understand the role of traditional health care practice on the healthcare system and the potential advantages and disadvantages associated with its integration. Methods: The population of this study consisted of nurses and medical officers stationed in Primary Health Care Facilities in Windhoek District, Khomas Region. A total of thirty eight (38) participants comprised of; twenty-nine (29) nurses and nine (9) Medical Officers took part in this study, who were selected using purposive heterogeneous sampling method. An ethnographic research design was used to collect data through interviews and focus group discussions. Data analysis was guided by the direct content analysis framework from Roger’s Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory on adoption processes for a new innovation, namely: compatibility, relative advantage, trial ability, observability, and complexity. These criteria were applied to the adoption of traditional health care services as a new/innovative idea for incorporation into the modern health care system (PHC services). Results: The findings from this study revealed the importance of embracing and respecting traditional healthcare practices and professionalizing them. Integration, collaboration, and regulation were seen as essential elements for enhancing healthcare services and meeting the diverse healthcare needs of the population. Additionally, the findings emphasized the need for regulatory frameworks to ensure the safety and effectiveness of traditional healthcare services and echoed the significance of interdisciplinary dialogue and cooperation. Conclusion: It is recommended that policymakers and healthcare authorities consider developing clear regulatory frameworks, create comprehensive, holistic regulatory guidelines, and standards for the integration of traditional health practices into the primary healthcare system, with a special focus on patient safety, efficacy, cultural sensitivity, and the preservation of Namibia’s diverse ethnic traditional knowledge and healing practicesItem The association between disclosure and adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among adolescents living with HIV in Windhoek, Khomas region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Manvwali, Martha Kachana; Alfeus, AnnaThe study was conducted in Windhoek, Khomas region, Namibia, focusing on adolescents living with HIV aged 10-19 who had been receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) care for at least six months between 2010 and 2021. It also included healthcare workers who had worked in the ART department for at least six months during the data collection period. The primary objective was to assess the association between disclosure (the process of revealing one's HIV-positive status) and adherence to ART among adolescents living with HIV. A mixed method approach with an explanatory sequential design was employed. The quantitative component used an unmatched case-control design with a 1:1 ratio, while the qualitative component utilized an exploratory design to complement the quantitative analysis. The study participants included 20 healthcare workers and 37 adolescents living with HIV who were on ART care. Findings revealed that among adolescents with good adherence (≥90%), 76% had been fully disclosed about their HIV-positive status, while 20% were partially disclosed. In contrast, among adolescents with poor adherence (<90%), 92% had not been disclosed about their HIV-positive status. Some adolescents who were fully disclosed learned about their status accidentally. Caregivers of the adolescents and healthcare workers were the key informants in disclosure and adherence aspect. The study recommends strengthening disclosure programs through enhanced efforts by the Ministry of Health and Social Services. This includes training healthcare providers involved in the disclosure process, educating parents/caregivers or guardians about the disclosure process and the skills required to conduct it at home, ensuring equitable distribution of disclosure tools and equipment among health facilities, and implementing standardized disclosure processes through Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and guidelines consistently across all health facilities nationwide. Future research should explore factors that enable adolescents to accept their HIV-positive status with reduced distress and examine their experiences during and after disclosure sessions, including their psychosocial support needs. In summary, this study aimed to understand the relationship between disclosure and adherence to ART among adolescents living with HIV in Namibia and provided recommendations to improve the disclosure process and support for these adolescents