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Item Psychosocial effects of COVID-19 pandemic on 2020 intake of public health and nursing students at University of Namibia Oshakati campus, Oshana region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Nantinda, Sakaria; Chirimbana, MosesThe research project motivation is to determine the psychological and social repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on 2020 intake of public health and nursing students at Oshakati campus of University of Namibia, in Oshana region, Namibia and identify their coping strategies against psychosocial effects. A project approach of qualitative in nature was implemented for conducting the study through a phenomenological study design. Seventeen (17) participants were selected purposefully from 156 targeted population of public health and nursing students. The data of the research were collected through a recorded comprehensively interviews of face-to-face and field notes, manually analysed, and interpreted. Study findings indicated that psychological and social effects are interrelated aspects which can influence one another in connection with COVID-19 pandemic. The study finding shows that stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression are major psychological effects due to COVID-19 pandemic measures and online study. Poor social interaction and financial crisis are social effects which contributed to psychological effects as well. Findings further shows that self-management (physical activities, hobbies, adhere to regulations, and staying positive), spiritual (religious) and social support (from family members, friends, and health professionals) was coping mechanisms to overcome psychosocial effects of COVID-19 pandemic. The study recommended that the university should establish a policy that addresses the most effective strategies for managing and strengthen psychosocial support services to students, to maintain educational continuity and students’ wellbeing during pandemic. It also recommended that effectively engage in physical activities and positive attitude facilitate students to maintain normal life over the journey of pandemicItem Factors hindering the uptake of vitamin a supplementation among under-five children, Oshakati district, Oshana region(University of Namibia, 2025) Emvula, Albertina; Uushona, SelmaVitamin A supplementation is a crucial public health intervention aimed at reducing child mortality and morbidity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where vitamin A deficiency is prevalent. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing the uptake of Vitamin A supplementation among children under five years old in the Oshakati district, Namibia. The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional study design. A total of 198 parents were surveyed at five health centres using structured questionnaires to gather information on factors such as income, education, transport, and healthcare access. The study found that 46.5% of participants strongly agreed that Vitamin A supplementation should start at six months, and 53% agreed that parents should know their child’s follow up schedule. Key barriers included transportation costs (78.3%) and long wait times (69.2%), while 65.7% reported Vitamin A shortages. Knowledge was high, with 166 (83.8%) strongly agreeing on the importance of Vitamin A for eye health and 76.8% recognising its role in preventing deficiency, though gaps remained, such as awareness of xerophthalmia (33.8%). Chi-square tests were conducted to determine associations between socio-demographic factors and supplementation uptake, with results showing no statistically significant associations between variables like education, income, and occupation with Vitamin A adherence. The study concluded that enhancing health education, improving healthcare access, and addressing transportation barriers are vital to increasing Vitamin A supplementation adherence. The study recommends interventions to address transportation barriers and improve healthcare service efficiency, particularly in rural and remote areas, to enhance access to Vitamin A supplementation. Additionally, strengthening community engagement through health education to improve parental awarenessItem Factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among students at the University of Namibia, main campus, Khomas region(University of Namibia, 2025) Heita, Justine Ndahepuluka; Amukugo, HansThe emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic heightened global health concerns, leading governments to engage in research endeavours focused on forecasting, mitigating, and managing the disease. Despite the recognized efficacy of vaccination in controlling the spread and severity of COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy poses a significant challenge, particularly in low to middle-income countries like Namibia.This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination and vaccine hesitancy among students at the University of Namibia's main campus in the Khomas Region, Namibia.Employed a quantitative cross-sectional analytical approach, data was collected from 331 students using a self-administered questionnaire. The participants, selected through stratified random sampling, represented four faculties at the University of Namibia's main campus. Informed consent was obtained, and SPSS version 27 facilitated data analysis through univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques.The study revealed a low vaccination rate (24.2%) and high hesitancy (48%) among students, with females exhibiting more hesitancy than males. Factors such as gender, faculty of study, safety and side effect concerns, lack of trust in vaccine development and healthcare providers, political influences, information from friends, and attitude were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy (p<0.05).This study contributes to existing knowledge by highlighting a low vaccination rate and high hesitancy among university students. While various factors showed associations with vaccine hesitancy, concerns about safety (OR=3.278: CI;1.403-7.659), concerns about side effects (OR=7.374: CI;3.709-14.658) and other concerns (OR=19.188: CI;2.057-178.992) emerged as predictors of vaccine hesitancy. Recommendations include targeted educational campaigns within faculties, policy incentives for vaccination, fostering peer-led discussions, and ongoing research collaboration. Implementation of these measures aims to address vaccine hesitancy among University of Namibia students, promoting a safer campus environment and contributing to broader public health effortsItem An investigation of challenges that impede the elimination of malaria in Andara district, Kavango east region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Kauejao, Shereen; Lukolo, LindaThis study was conducted to identify challenges that impede the elimination of malaria in Andara District, Kavango East Region, Namibia, so that efforts may be put to address such. Interventions which have been put in place include universal large-scale deployment of indoor residual spraying, distributing insecticide-treated bed nets and treating with artemisinin-based combination therapy and many others. However, cases of malaria morbidity and mortality in Andara District persisted. So, this research explored deeper the major challenges faced by the communities in trying to control this endemic disease in Andara District, Kavango region. This study used a mixed research design, meaning that both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used in this study to sufficiently capture the trends and details of the malaria situation in Andara District. Stratified random sampling method was used to collect 360 respondents from the population. A self-administered questionnaire and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. The study found that factors that impede malaria elimination in Andara District include limited research on traditional malaria prevention methods, uncontrolled cross border migration, favorable environmental conditions, good climatic conditions, resistance of mosquitos to insecticides and poor surveillance of malaria transmission hotspots. The study also found that some barriers to mosquito control and prevention in Andara District include the resistance of mosquitos to insecticides, shortage of nets and sprays and shortage of healthcare workers. In light of these findings, it was recommended that the Ministry of Health and Social Services should conduct surveillance to collect, analyze, and interpret data related to malaria. The information gathered should be used to inform the planning, implementation monitoring and evaluation of malaria cases and fatalities. Surveillance may also help the country to track evolving trends in malaria-related illnesses. It has also been recommended that the government of Namibia should implement different interventions such as mass drug administration, mass testing and treatment and mass relapse prevention in order to reduce malaria transmission. The government should also implement targeted testing and treatment, routine testing and treatment at points of entry and testing and treatment of people coming to or returning from Andara District. Moreover, since this study was limited to the Andara District, it has been recommended that further studies should be carried out in all fourteen regions of Namibia in order to obtain findings that may be applied to the entire countryItem Assessment of awareness, attitudes, and practices of environmental health practitioners regarding ambient air pollution and its associated health effects in Namibia(University of Namibia, 2025) Itumba, Laudika; Alfeius, A.Air pollution remains a significant global health threat, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations, including women, children, and the elderly, across all continents. HPs are often responsible for monitoring air quality and implementing guidelines to safeguard public health. This study assessed the environmental health practitioners' awareness, attitudes, and practices regarding ambient air pollution and its associated health effects in Namibia. Using a quantitative cross-sectional analytical design, data were collected from 66 out of 76 environmental health practitioners across all 14 Regions of Namibia, yielding an 86.8% response rate. A validated online questionnaire was used. Data were analysed using SPSS version 27. The results showed that about 6.7% of participants were aware of AAP and its associated health effects. Regarding attitudes, 59% of the respondents had a negative attitude towards AAP. 9 % always participated in preventative activities regarding AAP, while 66.7% indicated that they never got involved in awareness campaigns. There was a strong negative correlation (-0.71) between the awareness and attitudes towards AAP, and a weak negative correlation (-0.20) between the awareness and practices indicating that higher awareness of AAP does not lead to greater engagement. A weak positive correlation (0.30) between attitudes and practices implies that positive attitudes may encourage greater involvement with AAP prevention strategies. Demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and experience did not significantly influence EHPs’ attitudes toward ambient air pollution (AAP), highlighting the greater impact of systemic barriers like limited resources and unclear policies. Majority of EHPs did not prioritise AAP prevention strategies due to insufficient training and infrastructure. The study recommends continuous professional development and clear guidelines to better equip EHPs in addressing air pollution effectivelyItem Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices on infertility among adults visiting the gynaecology and urology clinics at Intermediate Katutura Hospital and Windhoek Central Hospital, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Namene, Maria; Uushona, S. I.Infertility is one of the global burdens, an under-observed but significant health problem affecting one in four couples in developing countries. A total number of 48 million couples are affected by infertility globally and a total number of 186 million individuals globally. In Namibia, about 15% of couples struggle with infertility. Although causes of infertility are equally shared among male and female factors each accounting for 30%, infertility is highly stigmatised, and women are usually blamed for it. The study aims to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices on infertility among adults visiting the Gynaecology and Urology clinics at Intermediate Hospital Katutura and Windhoek Central Hospital in Windhoek, Namibia. A convergent parallel mixed method approach was used in this study. A total number of 118 respondents were recruited to fill in the questionnaire and 18 interviews held. The study was conducted on respondents aged 21 to 79 years, including both males and females. Participants had varying levels of education, ranging from no formal education to tertiary education, and different employment statuses, including employed, self-employed, and unemployed. Additionally, respondents came from diverse tribal backgrounds. The study discovered that the knowledge on infertility is limited, 37.1% do not identify infertility as a disease and 75.2% believe contraceptives causes infertility. Participants believe witchcraft and curses causes infertility. Seeking medical services is listed as the initial option when struggling with infertility. Adoption and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) are acceptable options when struggling with infertility. Knowledge on infertility is limited among respondents, the misconception about contraceptives is widespread. An average practice on infertility is noted and the act of assigning blame for infertility is widespread in various communities. Raising awareness on infertility is recommended to increase infertility knowledge, reduce stigma, and create awareness. Dedicated fertility clinics in state hospitals are required to offer specialised services to individuals struggling with infertility. Research recruiting individuals dealing with infertility is encouraged, in order to understand their experiences better. The misconceptions of contraceptive usage leading to infertility need to be tackled through the health campaignsItem Integrating traditional health care practice into primary health care services: From the perceptions of nurses and medical officers in Windhoek District, Khomas region(University of Namibia, 2024) Shilyomunhu, Hesekiel Tuutaleni; Shumba, T. W.This research explored the perceptions of nurses and medical officers in Windhoek District, Khomas Region, on the relevance of integrating traditional health care practice into primary health care services. The study aimed to understand the role of traditional health care practice on the healthcare system and the potential advantages and disadvantages associated with its integration. Methods: The population of this study consisted of nurses and medical officers stationed in Primary Health Care Facilities in Windhoek District, Khomas Region. A total of thirty eight (38) participants comprised of; twenty-nine (29) nurses and nine (9) Medical Officers took part in this study, who were selected using purposive heterogeneous sampling method. An ethnographic research design was used to collect data through interviews and focus group discussions. Data analysis was guided by the direct content analysis framework from Roger’s Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory on adoption processes for a new innovation, namely: compatibility, relative advantage, trial ability, observability, and complexity. These criteria were applied to the adoption of traditional health care services as a new/innovative idea for incorporation into the modern health care system (PHC services). Results: The findings from this study revealed the importance of embracing and respecting traditional healthcare practices and professionalizing them. Integration, collaboration, and regulation were seen as essential elements for enhancing healthcare services and meeting the diverse healthcare needs of the population. Additionally, the findings emphasized the need for regulatory frameworks to ensure the safety and effectiveness of traditional healthcare services and echoed the significance of interdisciplinary dialogue and cooperation. Conclusion: It is recommended that policymakers and healthcare authorities consider developing clear regulatory frameworks, create comprehensive, holistic regulatory guidelines, and standards for the integration of traditional health practices into the primary healthcare system, with a special focus on patient safety, efficacy, cultural sensitivity, and the preservation of Namibia’s diverse ethnic traditional knowledge and healing practicesItem The association between disclosure and adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among adolescents living with HIV in Windhoek, Khomas region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Manvwali, Martha Kachana; Alfeus, AnnaThe study was conducted in Windhoek, Khomas region, Namibia, focusing on adolescents living with HIV aged 10-19 who had been receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) care for at least six months between 2010 and 2021. It also included healthcare workers who had worked in the ART department for at least six months during the data collection period. The primary objective was to assess the association between disclosure (the process of revealing one's HIV-positive status) and adherence to ART among adolescents living with HIV. A mixed method approach with an explanatory sequential design was employed. The quantitative component used an unmatched case-control design with a 1:1 ratio, while the qualitative component utilized an exploratory design to complement the quantitative analysis. The study participants included 20 healthcare workers and 37 adolescents living with HIV who were on ART care. Findings revealed that among adolescents with good adherence (≥90%), 76% had been fully disclosed about their HIV-positive status, while 20% were partially disclosed. In contrast, among adolescents with poor adherence (<90%), 92% had not been disclosed about their HIV-positive status. Some adolescents who were fully disclosed learned about their status accidentally. Caregivers of the adolescents and healthcare workers were the key informants in disclosure and adherence aspect. The study recommends strengthening disclosure programs through enhanced efforts by the Ministry of Health and Social Services. This includes training healthcare providers involved in the disclosure process, educating parents/caregivers or guardians about the disclosure process and the skills required to conduct it at home, ensuring equitable distribution of disclosure tools and equipment among health facilities, and implementing standardized disclosure processes through Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and guidelines consistently across all health facilities nationwide. Future research should explore factors that enable adolescents to accept their HIV-positive status with reduced distress and examine their experiences during and after disclosure sessions, including their psychosocial support needs. In summary, this study aimed to understand the relationship between disclosure and adherence to ART among adolescents living with HIV in Namibia and provided recommendations to improve the disclosure process and support for these adolescentsItem Determinants of home child birth practices among pregnant women in Oshikuku district, Omusati region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Faustinus, PetronellaHome child birth is one of the leading causes of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity worldwide but more especially in Africa. In Namibia, despite the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) effort to enhance Maternal and newborn health by encouraging women to deliver at health facilities, there are still women who give birth at home. The main objectives of this study were to determine if there is a statistically significant association between women's socio-demographic data and gynecological history (independent variable) and home child birth practice (dependent variable). A quantitative, analytic cross-sectional study was conducted in the Oshikuku District, particularly in the Oshikuku district hospital. The study was done in Oshikuku district hospital because is the only hospital that has a maternity ward in the district. Maternal records of 146 women seeking post-natal care at above mentioned health facility after home child birth practice were reviewed using a structured Microsoft excel spreadsheet. The study reveals that the most women who deliver give birth at home are 25 years and younger. Women from rural areas give birth more at home 97% (n=141) compared to those living in urban areas 3% (n=3), 87% (n=127) were Namibian and 13% (n=19) were non-Namibian. Apart from that women with no formal education tend to deliver more at home 59% (n=86) and also single women give birth more at home 85% (n=124). 77% (n=113) of unemployed women give birth at home. Women with less gravidity and parity 1-3 tend to practice home child birth more than those with high gravidity and parity. Women with no ante-natal visits at all or less than 3 ante-natal visits give birth at home more 59% (n=86). The study also reveal that 64% (n=93) of babies born at home were healthy (no complications recorded) however 23% (n=34) had minor ii complications, 7% (n=10) had major complications and 6% (n=9) died. 72% (n=105) of women who give birth at home were healthy (no complication recorded after home child birth), 20% (n=29) had minor complications, 4% (n=6) had moderate complications, and another 4% (n=6) had major complications respectively.The study identified factors associated with home child birth among women in Oshikuku district, Omusati region in Namibia. The study result shows that younger women, unmarried with no formal employment living in rural areas with low levels of education give birth at home.The recommendations that arise from the study are to give more health education to women on the importance of giving birth in the health facilities for safe delivery. Expanding waiting areas next to health facilities in Omusati region so that more women will be accommodated. This will help women to stay close to health facilities prior to labour. Health extension workers to give health education on maternal health in the communities. Further research is needed to understand the partner’s role they play in choosing the place of child birthItem An assessment on the knowledge, facilitators, and barriers to the uptake of cervical cancer screening among allied health science female students at the University of Namibia, Hage Geingob campus(University of Namibia, 2024) Kamunima, PetronelaCervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. In Namibia, cervical cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer following cancer. The purpose of this study was to assess and describe knowledge, facilitators, and barriers to the uptake of cervical cancer screening among female allied health science students at the University of Namibia (Hage Geingob Campus). A quantitative, cross-sectional, and analytical study was conducted with the use of a self-administered questionnaire. A sample size of 97 female allied health science was obtained using a systematic random sampling method. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent variables of the study. The findings of the analysis depicted an abnormal pap smear test (OR=84.056, 95% CI: 4.316-1636.911, p=0.003), age (OR=0.625, 95% CI: 0.441-0.886, p=0.008) to be statistically significant with female students having a Pap smear test. Results from the study further revealed that 12(13%) female students have had a Pap smear test in their lifetime. The most common barriers to cervical cancer screening included no signs and symptoms of cervical cancer (33%), fear of outcome (15%) and difficulty accessing screening services (15%). Facilitators to cervical cancer screening were reported as own decision to undergo screening (39%) and upon doctors’ requests (6%).The findings of the study showed that there is a poor level of cervical cancer screening uptake among allied health science female students at the University of Namibia. It is recommended that the University of Namibia in consultation with the Ministry of Health and Social Services tailor cervical cancer screening programs to assist in educating female students about the risk factors of cervical cancer as well as the importance of cervical cancer screening uptakeItem Factors influencing the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation systems: a case study of USAID HIV clinical services technical assistance project by Intrahealth Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Andreas, Hilma M.Background:Worldwide, Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems have proven to be fundamental to successful project management. Many researchers cited them as a critical component in meeting organizational objectives. Aim:The study aimed to establish the factors that influenced the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation systems for projects using the USAID Clinical Technical services Assistance project (UTAP) as a case study. To gain an in-depth understanding of the topic this study applied the convergent parallel mixed method design. Methods:During this process, the researcher concurrently conducted the qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis, although the two sections were analyzed independently.Results:The findings revealed a high percentage of the respondents, 23.0% (17) agreed that training determines the effectiveness of M&E systems of UTAP project, 21.6% (16) agreed that availability of staff influences the effectiveness of M&E systems, 18.9% (14) strongly agreed that utilization of tools and techniques influence the effectiveness of M&E systems and 14.9% (11) strongly agreed that competency of M&E staffs influences the effectiveness of M&E systems. Objective two sought to analyze the factors associated with the effectiveness of UTAP’s monitoring and evaluation system with the statement that training in M&E was important in enhancing the effectiveness of M&E with a mean score of 4.20. The respondents also answered that well-trained staff members better understand the program and tools and implement the accurate data collected. With a correlation coefficient of 0.710, the third objective's findings demonstrate a strong positive relationship between the technical capacity of the M&E team and data quality. This relationship was intended to examine the impact of project budget allocation for M&E, technical capacity, and data quality on the effectivness of UTAP's monitoring and evaluation system. This suggests that the effectiveness of data quality for the UTAP project will rise if organizations leverage the technical capacity of their M&E teams. Additionally, a positive correlation (r = 0.806) has been found between budget allocation and the technical capability efficacy of the M&E team.Conclusion: This suggests that the process of monitoring and evaluating projects will grow if funding are easily and sufficiently available. The study's findings demonstrated a relationship between M&E effectiveness and budget allocation, technical capability, and data qualityItem Factors contributing to preanalytical errors in pathology laboratory sampling among clinicians in Erongo region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Sheehama, Genovefa N.M.Introduction: Clinical laboratory is the epicenter of health care sector, and it is therefore imperative that the quality of laboratory services is guaranteed to ensure quality patient management. However, in the laboratory setting, specimens may be rejected for a variety of reasons, which may have substantial clinical consequences for patient safety. The pre analytical phase of sample collection, occurs outside of the laboratory and is thus beyond the control of the laboratory professionals. This phase has been highlighted as the leading contributor of diagnostics error rates, accounting for 70% of errors in the laboratory. Owing to this, the study aimed to determine the major factors contributing to pre analytical errors during pathology laboratory sampling among clinicians in Erongo region, Namibia. Methods: This study utilized a mixed method, cross-sectional design. A total of 129 health care workers (HCWs) compromised of 19 doctors and 110 nurses at district hospitals in Erongo region participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire containing close and open-ended descriptive questions was used to collect data among the clinicians. Data on the prevalence of sample rejections recorded from four Namibia Institute Pathology (NIP) laboratories in Erongo region, between 2020 and 2021 was collected. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 26.0 program. Microsoft Word was used to analyze qualitative data. Data were presented using frequency tables. Results: During the period between 2020 and 2021, NIP had a sample rejection rate of 1.6% and 1.1% for 2020 and 2021, respectively. NIP Walvis Bay recorded the highest rejection rates in both years. The study found that missing specimen/ no specimen received was the most predominant reason for sample rejections among the laboratories in Erongo region, accounting for 21.2% and 28.5% of rejected samples in 2020 and 2021 respectively. Moreover, the study found that the major factors contributing to pre analytical sampling errors were mainly due to difficulties in finding veins (75.2%), non availability of sample collecting materials (53.5%), heavy workload (36.4%), and delays in transportation for samples to the laboratory (3.1%) as well a lack of training (2.3%). Majority of the clinicians (82.9%) indicated that they had not been trained on sample management. ii Conclusion: The major contributing factors of pre-analytical errors mainly centered around difficulties in allocating suitable veins for blood collection, inadequate supply of collecting materials and a lack of training in sample collection and management of samples among clinicians. It was further concluded that there is no relationship between the socio-demographic characteristics and the knowledge of the preanalytical phase of sample management. The study highlights major gaps in clinicians’ knowledge regarding collection and management of samples. There is a need for NIP and Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) to focus strengthening laboratory sample collection and management through concerted efforts to ensure the availability of sufficient materials for sample collection and to provide adequate training to clinicians. Furthermore, there is a need for collaboration between clinicians and laboratory staff to optimize the collection and handling of samples to avoid further sample rejections in the regionItem Knowledge among nurses and medical doctors on animal bite management and use of anti-rabies vaccines in the Omusati region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Amutenya, Werner T.This study investigated the knowledge of registered nurses and medical doctors on animal bites management in the Omusati region, Namibia. This includes knowledge of health care workers regarding wound care, administration of anti-rabies, and administration of Post-Exposure Prophylaxis using a quantitative research method, with a sample of 96 nurses and medical doctors. The research reveals significant knowledge gaps and inconsistencies among registered nurses and medical doctors. The findings show that while most respondents correctly identified immediate washing with soap and water as the appropriate first step after an animal bite, there were misunderstandings about subsequent wound management. Divergent responses were observed regarding the appropriate vaccination site and schedule, with only a minority of healthcare workers identifying the deltoid as the correct site and recognizing the necessity of four doses in the post-exposure regimen. Concerning eligibility criteria for PEP, a lack of consensus was found among registered nurses and medical doctors. Misconceptions about Rabies Immunoglobulin administration sites were also observed, with a significant number incorrectly suggesting the wound site as the injection site. This study emphasizes the need for improved education, clear guidelines, and standardized training among healthcare workers to address these issues and optimize patient care and rabies control efforts. The findings have significant implications for patient outcomes and public health initiatives aimed at controlling and preventing the spread of rabies. Further studies are needed to develop effective educational and training interventions to address these identified gaps and misconceptionsItem Factors associated with delay in starting anti-retroviral treatment among confirmed HIV positive individuals in state health facilities in Northern Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Hlahla, Elsie T.The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with the delay in starting anti-retroviral treatment (ART) among confirmed HIV-positive individuals in Northern Namibia, specifically the four (4) districts of the UTAP region (Andara, Nyangana, Oshikuku and Tsumeb). The study employed the time series analytical (quantitative) research design that used secondary data retrieved from the Electronic Patient Management System (ePMS) database. The characteristics of data obtained from the ePMS included the Who-stage, age, gender, facility type, CD4 count and District. The study’s population was 1824, and the sample size was 1824, as total population sampling was used in this desktop analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to help explore more on objectives one and two of the study. The multivariate (LOGIT) regression model was used to ascertain factors behind the delay in starting the ART among confirmed HIV+ individuals. The study’s results indicated that most confirmed HIV+ individuals opted for an early ART start, whereby the age, facility, gender, CD4+ counts were statistically significant. The highest rate of confirmed HIV+ patients starting ART on the same day was in March 2018 (86.3%), followed by June 2018 (80.3%) and February 2018 (80.3%). The study recommended that treatment literacy for service providers and health care workers on the importance of starting treatment early, enhanced counselling, support for men by male champions, easy of access to ART as essential to ensure confirmed HIV+ people to access the ART in time from day of diagnosis up to day seven. Also, the cost-effectiveness of ART related services, such as decentaralization and equipping of facililities equitably as relevant in reducing the delay in starting ART initiationItem Exploring factors associated with abortion in Walvis Bay community in Erongo region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2023) Shaker, Amir EskanderWalvis Bay is one of Namibia’s districts, which recently recorded a significant increase in the number of threatened abortion cases. For the period 2009 to 2015, Walvis Bay town recorded an average 2000 abortion cases per year which accounts for 4 to 6 cases per day for women aged between 15-28 years old (Erongo Health Directorate’s Annual Report: 2014). Ninety-eight percent of the diagnostic abortion (Threatened Abortion) conducted at Walvis Bay hospital, were treated with dilatation and curettage in order to safely complete the abortion process whilst remaining 2% was treated for other pregnancy disorders. The increase in abortions and increase of maternal death due to bleeding is a big concern in the harbour town. Thus, the increase in teenage abortion is becoming a public health concern that needs to be addressed. The study purpose of the study was to explore factors associated with abortion in Walvis Bay community. It was essential for a study to be conducted in order to investigate the factors leading women to engage in unsafe abortions, and find an amicable solution to help them access maternal health services, and help policy makers to find solutions to address the abortion problem in the region. A qualitative, phenomenological approach was applied. The researcher conducted in depth interviews with key informants including community members, health care workers and teenagers who had abortion. Population for the study was Walvis Bay community of which key informants were made up of patients (abortion victims), Social workers, doctors, nurses, community and religious leaders, secondary school teachers and police officers working at women and child protection welfare. A non- ii probability purposive sampling was used to recruit the participants and a total of eight participants were recruited and participated in the study. The study findings revealed that there are several factors that contribute to abortion such as burden to look after the baby while the mother is still at school, humiliation by peers, fathers do not want the responsibility of pregnancies, some ladies have affairs with married men, and some have multiple partners. These are some of the factors that make young women to go for illegal abortion. Therefore, the researcher recommended that health education programme should be strengthened to improve awareness, the use of family planning, support system and creation of adoption centresItem The experiences of health care workers on prescribing PrEP to adolescent girls and young women at public health centers in Windhoek, Khomas region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2023) Shipena, KristineOral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the usage of antiretroviral medications by HIV uninfected persons to prevent HIV. It has the potential to significantly reduce HIV acquisition among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15–24 who have not yet been exposed to HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore health care workers’ experiences on prescribing Pre-exposure prophylaxis to adolescent girls and young woman at high risk of HIV in Windhoek. The objectives of the study were to explore health care workers’ experiences to prescribing PrEP to adolescent girls and young woman at high risk of HIV infections and to explore health care workers views on PrEP delivery services among AGYW at public health centers. A qualitative, phenomenology design was conducted at public health centers in Windhoek, Khomas region to explore health care workers’ experiences to prescribing PrEP to adolescent girls and young woman at high risk of HIV infections and explore their views on PrEP service delivery among AGYW. Population of the study were nurses that are PrEP prescribers and health centers contain of 58 nurses. Convenience sampling method was used to recruit nurses into the study. A semi-structured interview guide was used as a data collection instrument. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Majority of HCWs indicated that they promoted PrEP uptake among AGYW and were willing and comfortable with prescribing Prep to AGYW. Few HCWs were not comfortable prescribing PrEP to AGYW citing that it promotes the reduction in condom use. The study highlighted a need to sensitize PrEP and sexual reproductive health for AGYW in all departments within the health centers. PrEP introduction among AGYW requires more than solely training HCWs on the clinical aspects of prescribing PrEP. It involves addressing HCWs’ biases and preference regarding sexual health services to AGYW and preparing the health facilities organization for the introduction of PrEP among AGYW. Furthermore, health care workers need to conduct community health education to AGYW for them to develop a culture of voluntarily visiting the health facility and request PrEP when the need arise. Most importantly there is a need for health care workers to educate the community on PrEP to reduce stigma based on PrEP initiation in the societyItem Factors associated with road traffic accidents among young drivers in Khomas region, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2023) Shaduka, EmmaAs per the current statistics, road traffic accidents (RTAs) are among the leading causes of deaths and disabilities among young people worldwide. The deaths and injuries attributed by the RTAs are a major public health crisis faced by Namibia, just as in many countries all over world. There is a need to investigate the risk factors contributing to RTAs in Namibia, therefore, this study was conducted with a purpose of determining the factors associated with RTAs among young drivers in Khomas region, Namibia. The study utilised a mixed methods convergent-parallel design to collect data from the National Road Safety Council (NRSC) of Namibia, as well from the traffic law enforcement officers in Khomas region. The relationship between independent variables and dependent variables was analysed using multiple logistic regression analysis based on p-value <0.05, while interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The quantitative data revealed that a total 21 574 RTAs were recorded in Khomas region between 2017 and 2019, with male young drivers being responsible for the majority (83%) of the RTAs in the region. Most (17.2%) of the recorded RTAs occurred on Fridays. The least (5.7%) RTAs were recorded in the month of December. The study found a strong association between days of the week and no injury (p=0.000), and between visibility of the road due to different weather conditions and RTAs (p=0.000). Risky driving behaviours among young drivers such as driving under the influence of alcohol, speeding, and driving whilst using mobile devices are some of the risk factors revealed by the qualitative data contributing to the high rates of RTAs among young drivers in Khomas region. The study recommends “road safety awareness” as a key measure to reducing the rates of RTAs in Khomas regionItem Experiences of Okahandja park informal settlement residents with the COVID-19 preventative measures in Khomas region(University of Namibia, 2023) Shiweva, LibertinaAbout seventy percent (70%) of Namibia's population comprises of people who live in circumstances that provide limited protection against the Coronavirus disease (COVID 19). One of Windhoek's informal communities, Okahandja Park lacks access to potable water, proper sanitation, and basic housing. It is also overcrowded. This study's goal was to discover and characterise how Okahandja Park informal settlement residents experienced the COVID-19 prevention guidelines. The study used the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) method and was qualitative. The study’s sample comprised of twenty-seven residents from Okahandja Park who were older than eighteen years. The data gathered was collected with high ethical standards in line with the University of Namibia’s (UNAM) ethical clearance standards. Data was collected using four focus group discussions, in-depth face-to-face interviews as research techniques. The Theory of Tesch, which produces themes and subthemes, was used to analyse the data. The investigation found that the Okahandja Park informal settlement residents were required to wear face masks at all times. The local stores and clinic were overcrowded due to the long lines that resulted from a limited number of people being permitted to enter facilities at a given time. Due to COVID 19, many citizens lost their employment since their employers could no longer afford to pay their monthly salaries. During COVID-19, participants struggled to live due to a lack of food and had to resort to a few coping techniques. Most of the inhabitants lacked sufficient cosmetics to maintain their hygiene practices at home. The study concluded that the WHO preventive measures during the lock down had both an adverse and favourable influence on the Okahandja Park informal settlement residents. The study recommends that public health measures for a pandemic like COVID-19 should be put in place, such that the Office of the President in Namibia and significant NGOs provide food distribution packages to vulnerable populations. In order to improve the informal settlers' abilities and knowledge to run their enterprises successfully, the Namibian Ministry of Industrialisation, Trade, and SMEs Development should offer them training and workshops on SMEs developmentItem Factors influencing antibiotic prescribing choice among private general practitioners in Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2023) Phillips, HileniBackground: Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics by physicians has been implicated as the driving force behind antibiotic resistance posing a major threat to public health. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing antibiotic prescribing among private general practitioners in Windhoek. Method: A quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional research design method was used. A total of 71 private general practitioners in Windhoek completed the questionnaire. Data were collected from May to June 2022 and analysed using SPSS version 26 software. Findings: The patient-doctor relationship was found to influence antibiotic prescribing majorly. While 68% of the participants indicated fear of the patient developing a severe infection. The Namibian standard treatment guidelines and advice from medical representatives were also found to affect prescribing behaviour. Lastly, a positive correlation (p< 0.05) was found between participants being pressured to prescribe antibiotics and their location of practice, fear of losing patients due to lack of antibiotic prescription, and the number of patients seen per day. Conclusion: This study uncovered correlations between the factors and the demographic characteristics of the participants. These results indicate that antibiotic stewardship programs and interventions may have to be tailored to accommodate specific groups such as the age of physicians, location of practice, and the number of patients seen per dayItem Experiences of Okahandja park informal settlement residents with the covid-19 preventative measures in Khomas region(University of Namibia, 2023) Shiweva, LibertinaAbout seventy percent (70%) of Namibia's population comprises of people who live in circumstances that provide limited protection against the Coronavirus disease (COVID 19). One of Windhoek's informal communities, Okahandja Park lacks access to potable water, proper sanitation, and basic housing. It is also overcrowded. This study's goal was to discover and characterise how Okahandja Park informal settlement residents experienced the COVID-19 prevention guidelines. The study used the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) method and was qualitative. The study’s sample comprised of twenty-seven residents from Okahandja Park who were older than eighteen years. The data gathered was collected with high ethical standards in line with the University of Namibia’s (UNAM) ethical clearance standards. Data was collected using four focus group discussions, in-depth face-to-face interviews as research techniques. The Theory of Tesch, which produces themes and subthemes, was used to analyse the data. The investigation found that the Okahandja Park informal settlement residents were required to wear face masks at all times. The local stores and clinic were overcrowded due to the long lines that resulted from a limited number of people being permitted to enter facilities at a given time. Due to COVID-19, many citizens lost their employment since their employers could no longer afford to pay their monthly salaries. During COVID-19, participants struggled to live due to a lack of food and had to resort to a few coping techniques. Most of the inhabitants lacked sufficient cosmetics to maintain their hygiene practices at home. The study concluded that the WHO preventive measures during the lock down had both an adverse and favourable influence on the Okahandja Park informal settlement residents. The study recommends that public health measures for a pandemic like COVID-19 should be put in place, such that the Office of the President in Namibia and significant NGOs provide food distribution packages to vulnerable populations. In order to improve the informal settlers' abilities and knowledge to run their enterprises successfully, the Namibian Ministry of Industrialisation, Trade, and SMEs Development should offer them training and workshops on SMEs development