Faculty of Commerce, Management and Law

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A comparative analysis of customer expectations and service quality of retail banking in Namibia: A case study of commercial banks in Windhoek
(University of Namibia, 2020) Herunga, Benestus; Akpo, Simon
The SERVQUAL instrument was developed in 1988 by Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry as a multi-item scale to assess customer perceptions of service quality in the service industry. Customers judge service quality as low or high depending on whether · the service performance meets their expectations or not. The main objectives of study are to evaluate the service quality dimensions with respect to perception and expectation of customers in retail banking sector at the Windhoek CBD , to ascertain the gap between perception and expectation and to Identify the impact of customer perception/expectation on Perceived service quality. A Purposive and convenience sampling methods were adopted by the researcher to select 200 bank customers for the study. The researcher applied Gap analysis to determine if there was significant difference between customers perception/expectation on perceived service quality. The results indicate the significant difference between all the dimensions in customer perceptions and expectations. Responsiveness, assurance and empathy showed an average negative difference of -0.3,-0.02 and -0.12 for the four banks which means customer expectations are higher than' perception in every dimension. Also, the Tangibility and Reliability showed a positive difference of 0.12 and 0.03. The fmdings seem to suggest that retail banks put attention to improve these dimension's performance and to achieve their _goals in these ,competitive business environment. The study was limited to customers from the four commercial banks in the Windhoek CBD, where the greater part of the research ·was undertaken. Other limitations are that the sample size of the current study. is 200. Out of ~56 targeted. sample size from qomputed statistical formula. Although this sample · size meets the minimum requirement, a bigger sample size should have given more accurate results that could be generalized to environments beyond the Windhoek CBD. Namibia. Again, the study covers only customers from Windhoek Namibia, yet the four banks operate in the retail banking industry country-wide. Hence, other customers of the four banks were excluded from this study
A comparative analysis of the effects of public tax education and tax amnesty on tax compliance in Windhoek
(University of Namibia, 2020) Mwapopi-Hanghome, Elise; Mtigwe, Bruce
This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of public tax education and tax amnesty on tax compliance. The Ministry of Finance (MoF) as the custodian of the management and administration of state funds grapples with a widening budget deficit which is becoming untenable. The Revenue department has accumulated massive tax debts spanning over many decades. This has been aggravated by the imposition of compound interest on outstanding amounts. In most cases, the amount owing now exceeds the capital amount. The causal-comparative research design was adopted in this study as it identifies differences between dependent variables and independent variables. Quantitative research methods with a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data from taxpayers. A probability sampling frame was then used to ensure that every taxpayer had an equal chance ofbeing selected. Analysis ofVariance (ANOVA) was used to test the research hypothesis because it requires fewer measurements to discover significant effects. Furthermore, descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used in order to explain the effects of public tax education and tax amnesty on tax compliance among Windhoek CBD taxpayers. Based on the outcomes, it comes out clearly that the Inland Revenue Department had no educational programs in place to provide training, teaching, and education to taxpayers. All that they do currently is to remind taxpayers about their tax obligations and compliance while the public lack basic skills and knowledge regarding tax. Whilst it seems that the tax amnesty is aimed at increasing tax revenues in the State Budget, only a handful of taxpayers came forward to participate in the program and the Inland Revenue Department did not collect as much debt owed as expected. The Inland Revenue Department needs to do more to come up with educational strategies to educate tax-payers and ensure that tax-payers gain basic knowledge, especially on filling tax-return forms. They also need to educate taxpayers and create awareness on the importance of tax amnesty programs by ensuring that the public understands the benefits and consequences of the program. Both tax amnesty and tax education programs if well implemented could help to enhance the level of compliance which would help taxpayers to comply voluntarily through all possible ways
A critical evaluation of the efficacy of the willing-seller, willing-buyer concept in the Namibia’s land reform policy and legal framework
(University of Namibia, 2024) Haimbili. Rebeka
Namibia inherited a skewed land redistribution system in favour of a white minority, which necessitated the newly elected government to enact measures to redress this injustice. This study investigated the effectiveness of the willing seller, willing buyer principle and redistribution policies that were enacted to implement the land reform programme. The willing-seller, willing-buyer (WSWB) approach, together with the enacted legislative framework on land have failed dismally in ensuring the equitable distribution of land and in realising the transformative aims of the Constitution. The study analysed the legislative framework to deduce reasons why Namibia has failed to properly address the issue of landlessness 32 years after it attained independence. It also criticises the path of national reconciliation that the government adopted shortly after independence in that it deprived the country of an opportunity to holistically address the inequitable distribution of land. The study found that the major constraints to meaningful land reform are contained in the legislative framework on land, as well as the mixed economy order which undermine the government’s efforts to redistribute land. The study also found that Namibia’s land reform programme does not comply with widely accepted requirements of a successful land reform programme, such as rapidness in implementation, and consensus on the political legitimacy and appropriateness of the mode of land acquisition, which in this case, is the willing seller, willing-buyer policy. Drawing on the experiences of land reforms in South Africa and Zimbabwe this study also found that there is a need to rethink land reform in Namibia, by infusing restorative justice in the land debate, by combining it with other policies that can enhance productivity in agriculture, as well as by easing the burden on the state as the only party responsible for managing and implementing the process of land reform.
A new model to measure the effects of price to book ratio and interest rate on share price volatility of financial institutions in emerging markets
(University of Namibia, 2019) Lopez, Yansy Caridad Odio; Kruger, Jan Walters
The development of studies in the field of trading activities in emerging markets are taking relevance in the last time (Leite, Klotzle, Pinto & Ferreira da Silva, 2018). This study attempts to be part of existing literature on the topic of trading opportunities in developing nations. The present research objective was to design a new model to measure the effects of price to book ratio as a fmancial indicator related to bank share prices and interest rates on share price volatility of fmancial institutions in emerging economies. The data analysis method used in this academic work was regression analysis. This was done by developing multiple regression models in Microsoft Excel to fmd relationships between variables of the study. The model includes three variables: one dependent variable (share price volatility) and two independent variables (price to book ratio and interest rates). Secondary sources such as journal articles and the publicly available online database for the Central Bank of Brazil were used to collect information. The model designed was implemented to test its validity in the Central Bank of Brazil for the period December 2016 to September 2018. The researcher found no relationship between price to book ratio and interest rates and share price changes in the Central Bank of Brazil from December 2016 to September 2018. The researcher interpreted this to mean that changes in the price of shares of the Central Bank of Brazil were not predicted by price to book ratio and yields in the period from December 2016 up to September 2018. It is considered that fmancial institutions must have instruments to measure and control financial and macroeconomic indicators in the banking sector, such as share prices and yields indicators, to contribute to increase fmancial growth by making informed decisions. This is an academic professional tool to be used by researchers, students, fmancial managers, investors, policymakers and shareholders as a source of literature for studies. This research has contributed to existing literature on trading activities in emerging countries, and how to study fmancial and macroeconomic variables that can influence stock price direction in developing nations, such as price to book ratio and yields
A study of employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility management in the Namibian banking industry
(University of Namibia, 2016) Tjitamunisa, Salomo; Ali, Shameen
This study investigated the employees' perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility Management in the Namibian Banking Industry. This study addressed the following research questions: How do the Namibian banking industry employees perceive CSR and what is their perception of the role of CSR and commitment to community welfare and development? CSR refers to all of an organisations impact on society and the need to deal responsibly with the impacts on each group of stakeholders, shareholders, customers, suppliers, employees and the community. Secondary data has been obtained from existing available literature and primary data were collected from survey data. A quantitative (questionnaire) research design was used to collect different data about the employees and management's perceptions ofCSR. The study found that the employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility in the Namibian banking industry are poor. Employees do not appear to understand corporate social responsibility and most employees have poor perceptions about CSR and therefore CSR is not well applied in the Namibian banking industry. On the basis of the results ofthis research, it can be concluded that most bankers understand CSR as donating or giving back to society and they fail to understand it as the sustainable usage of scarce resources for future generations. The study concluded that there is a need for top management to undertake the internal marketing of their CSR efforts and to educate middle and junior management and employees about CSR and its importance to the banking industry and for the future generations. Adequate training and employee education on CSR awareness should be implemented; the banks should incorporate CSR strategies into their overall operational and strategic plans of the bank
Accessing government information in Namibia as a human right issue
(University of Namibia, 2015) Nakuta, John; Mnubi-Mchombu, Chiku
There is general consensus that access to information is indispensable for a functional democracy. It is for this reason that access to information has been recognised and guaranteed as a fundamental human right in various international, regional and national instruments. The right to access to information is not explicitly guaranteed in the Namibian Constitution but is claimable through article 144 of since Namibia acceded and/or ratified various international human rights instruments which provide for this right. This article evaluates the question as to whether access to information is regarded as a human rights issue in Namibia. In determining this, the paper analysed the findings of the pilot study of the baseline study on human rights in Namibia with that of the main study with a specific focus on the theme dealing with access to information. Both studies found that it is almost as easy as it is difficult to access government information in Namibia. Both studies also show that elderly respondents and those with no formal education found it more difficult to access government information. Both studies show that the media was considered to be the main source of government policies, programmes and services. A mere 4 percent of the respondents in both studies indicated that they use libraries as a source for accessing public information. Distance to government departments and rude members of staff/poor service delivery were listed as the main barriers to accessing public information. Respondents in the pilot study listed outdated website content as their third major barrier, whereas respondents in the main study singled out too much bureaucracy as their third highest impediment to government information. The article asserts that the current situation whereby obtaining government information is at the discretion and disposition of civil servants is untenable and inconsistent with the right to access to information. The paper will explore how Namibians, from all walks of life, access human rights information. The paper is based on research which took place in Windhoek, Namibia in April 2012. The various aspects explored include access to government information and channels used to access information including the mass media. The final part of the paper will investigate barriers to accessing government information. Some recommendations will be made on how to improve access to government information in Namibia.
Accountability and democracy
(Idasa., 2012) Blaauw, Lesley
Adoption and utilisation of workplace e-learning practices in the public sector organisations: A systematic review
(Journal of learning for developement, 2023) Serema, Marguerite Margie; Shihomeka, Sadrag P.; Shalyefu, Rakel Kavena
The e-learning concept is increasingly receiving attention in education butthere seems to be inadequate guidance in developing a formal programme for implementing e-learning, especially in the public sector. Hence, this study focuses on aggregating information on the adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector and attempting the development of a conceptual model for understanding workplace e-learning implementation. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to collect all the literature addressing the adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector. This review brought to light key factors that influence the adoption and utilisation of e-learning amongst public sector employees, including attitude, satisfaction, behaviour intention, continuance intention, or behaviour to use e-learning. The adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector requires a carefully thought-through and evidence-based approach, especially the development of the e-learning programme
Affirmative action and black empowerment in tourism industry
(2000) Haindongo, Shikwetepo
No abstract by author in copy of thesis available at UNAM. The following is taken from the author's introduction:
The African Union (AU), the African Youth Commission (AYC) and the Pan-African Youth Union (PYU): Sabotaging or bureaucratizing the youth?
(2018) Amupanda, Job S.
There now exists overwhelming evidence that many African states are gerontocracies - states wherein the leadership is way older than the average age of the population. Whereas these discussions were previously attributed to external observers of African politics, particularly observers from the western world, this question of and on African leadership has now gained domestic root. The youth of the continent has since started demanding their places at various decision-making tables within their nation states. This has led to generational antagonism of which some have led to youth-led uprisings. While there are several analyses at the state level, there has been little analysis of the relationship between the African Union (AU) and the youth of the continent. This text takes the analysis to the continental level. The text does not only concern a continental analysis, it’s most important contribution is to add new developments that have not appeared in much of the contemporary literature on African development. To buttress these perspectives, the text looks at the relationship between the AU and two continental youth organizations: the PYU (Pan-African Youth Union) and the AYC (African Youth Commission). It reveals that at the time of writing, Africa was the only continent without a recognized continental youth body. The text is aimed at provoking further questions and discussions on the AU’s youth discourse with this daring question: sabotaging or bureaucratizing youth?
Agriculture and manufacturing sector growth in Namibia during the period 1981 to 2012: A granger causality test
(2014) Siboleka, Milner; Nyambe, Jacob M.; Osterkamp, Rigmar
Namibia became independent in 1990. Since then, the democratic government has pursued various development policy tools to empower Namibians economically. The 4th National Development Plan identified four strategic economic growth enhancing activities, namely agriculture, manufacturing, logistics and tourism. Agriculture remains the largest employer while manufacturing, logistics and tourism are growing, but slowly. This paper is premised on investigating whether or not there is a causal and long term relationship between agriculture and manufacturing sector growth over the period 1981-2012. Ascertaining the direction of the relationship is part of the objectives. Analytical methods that were used include unit root, correlation test and a Granger Causality model. With the use of time series data, the results confirmed stationarity of the data. With 31 observations, no causal relationships were established between agriculture and manufacturing in Namibia. Appropriate policy interventions are required to influence how the two sectors should benefit from each other. Such holds potential for both sustained employment creation opportunities and economic growth in Namibia.
Alternative institutional arrangements of accelerating the implementation of rural electrification in Namibia
(2007) Muyenga-Muyenga, Simon; ;
Abstract provided by author
Alternative to state dominated criminal prosecution in Namibia
(2007) Uanivi, Uaatjo
Criminal proceedings, in general, are proceedings which in substance are of a criminal nature, and not of a civil nature and include, inter alia, applications for a stay of prosecution and release from detention, etc. The constitution of the Republic of Namibia protects the rights of all persons including the rights of victims of crime which are also recognised in the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principle of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power adopted by the General Assembly in Resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985. This protection covers rights impaired by the State and/ or individual persons, acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws and/or any other law operative and enforceable in Namibia. These rights have to be respected and protected by all organs of government involved in the judicial process, from the moment of the commission of the crime or offence up to and including the completion of the judicial process and/or quasi-judicial process related thereto. Hence, the need to have checks and balance mechanisms with respect to state power and functions in the prosecution process. We have very often witnessed white-collar crimes not being prosecuted in Namibia.
An analysis of factors influencing the financial performance of Namibian fuel stations in Helao-Nafidi town
(University of Namibia, 2023) Mirjam, Wilka Kuhatumwa
This study sought to analyse factors that have an impact on the financial performance of fuel stations at the Helao Nafidi town in the Ohangwena region, in terms of risk management, high fuel prices, the pandemic (COVID-19, logistic management (stock arrival) and the role of government in mitigating losses of financial performance. This study used explanatory sequential research design. It adopted a mixed methodology approach in which data was collected using a questionnaire for the quantitative part and for the qualitative part, an interview guide was used. To achieve this, the study used multiple regression analysis, based on a sample size of 32 participants and the results reveal positive impacts of risk management and stock arrival on business performance while high fuel prices and pandemics reveal negative impacts on business performance for fuel stations at the Helao Nafidi town in the Ohangwena region. Moreover, the study followed up on these findings qualitatively to explore the role that the government can play to mitigate business performance losses for the fuel stations due to pandemics, which go hand in hand with high fuel prices using reflective thematic analysis in NVivo. This analysis was based on the data collected from 12 interviewees using an interview guide and results revealed two themes, each with two codes. The first theme was on controlling the rivalry with two codes as oil/fuel smuggling control and the protection of the borders. The second theme was selfreliance that is associated with two codes as own oil discovery and giving subsidies. Thus, the study applied an explanatory sequential research design. Lastly, qualitative findings serve as policy recommendations while in terms of directions for future studies, the study suggests future research focus on other regions that are not severely affected by oil/fuel smuggling in Namibia from Angola, as well as to assessing the impact of the pandemic on business performance for companies in other sectors. Keywords: Business performance, risk management, high fuel prices, COVID-19 pandemic, multiple regression analysis, reflective thematic analysis
An analysis of factors influencing the level of fundraising for Non-Profit Organisations (NPOS) of the Khomas region of Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2020) Shaduka, Luise Ndateelela; Chifamba, Ronald
Like the NPOs sector globally, the number of NPOs in Namibia has been increasing yearly. Most NPOs depend on government subsidies or local and international donor agencies to finance their operations. This scenario has been threatening their survival and ability to attain their aims and objectives for social transformation. Donor agencies have reduced their support for Namibian NPOs owing to the global economic crisis and financial headwinds facing the Namibia economy. As a result local NPOs have limited access to funding from both local and international donors, as well as private philanthropic organisations. This is attributed to factors such as: global financial crisis, economic recession, the re-classification of Namibia to an upper middle-income country, the downgrading to junk economic status, and the increase in the number ofNPOs in Namibia. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyse factors influencing the level of fundraising for NPOs in Khomas Region. Based on the study, this paper explores the influence of sources of funding on the financial sustainability ofNPOs. A quantitative research design was used as the principal research methodology for the study. The target population was six hundred and ninety six (696) NPOs registered with Business and lntellectual Property Authority (BIPA) under Section 21 of Company Act No. 28 of2004 of the Republic ofNamibia. One respondent per NPO was selected as per their role in the organization either: managements, administrative or financial personnel. The study made use of a random sampling methodology of which the, a total of forty ( 40) of NPOs were sampled each per year from 1950 to 2018. For the purposes of this study, a quantitative research method was employed and quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire. Data was processed using Stata software and the coded data I d t the SiQllificance level of .05% using an ordered logistic regression model was ana yse a o · · I Significant variables to the study were identified and interpreted accordingly and where possible compared to the literature review to gain a full understanding from both primary research data and secondary research. The chi-square test was done to test the model and it is statistically significant as it has a chi-square value below the 5% level. The findings of the study showed that there are factors influencing the level of fundraising in NPOs. These are gender, years of working experience, number of staff members, fund raising procedures, number of student interns, fundraising through electronic media, local and international donor's agency and partnership or joint projects with other organizations. Therefore, this situation has left Namibian NPOs with no options, but to develop alternative fundraising strategies to access new sources of funding in order to increase the level of funding to finance their operations. Jt is recommended that the NPOs should move from being dependent on government subsidies and local donor agencies for self-sustainability and have a more international outlook and indeed focus on establishing income generating activities and venture into multiple sources of funds for their projects. This would improve their financial sustainability. It is further recommended that there is a need to create and develop alternative fundraising strategies in order to increase the level of funding and remain competitive in the markets. Furthermore, it is recommended that NPOs should engage individuals, corporate sectors, government and local and international donors to develop interest in their activities for future donations. Alternatively, NPOs should give timely reports, thank you letters, issue donation certificates and offer a free luncheon for donors even once a year. With regard to media, it is advisable for NPOs to partner up with the media for marketing purposes as well as forming joint ventures with business and universities
An analysis of the challenges hampering the successful implementation of gender based violence policies: A case study of the Kavango East region of Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2024) Likando, Johanna M.; Lwendo, Sitali Brian
This study was aimed at analysing the challenges hampering the successful implementation of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) policies in Namibia using the Kavango East Region as the unit of analysis. The study employed a descriptive and case study research design. A semi-structured questionnaire and an interview guide were used as data collection instruments. Thirty-five (35) respondents were purposively and conveniently selected from key stakeholders (regional councillors, traditional leaders, and Church leaders, civil society, government ministries). The empirical data collected from respondents was analysed qualitatively using thematic and content analysis to complement documentary analysis of secondary data. The thematic presentation and discussion of the results was guided by the study research questions. The findings of study revealed that it was imperative to review the existing policies on GBV to accommodate emerging issues if radical change in reducing GBV is expected. The findings of the study further revealed that key stakeholders such as civil society organisations, traditional leaders, church leaders and community members were not fully engaged and involved in the design of appropriate measures that would ensure effective and efficient implementation of policies aimed at reducing GBV. Given the gap between GBV policy and practice, the study advanced key recommendations that hinge on, capacity building for various key stakeholders, adopting technology in reporting of GBV cases, developing strategies to enhance coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the policy implementation, creation of effective engagement platforms for communities, traditional and church leaders on GBV matters, and robust revision of the existing GBV policies and Action Plans
An analysis of the effects of daily subsistence allowances expenditure on the overall budget and service goals of the Ministry of Safety and Security in Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2020) Egumbo, Raimo; Sunde, Tafirenyika
As per the State Finance Act, 1991, to reimburse out-of-pocket expenses for trave I expenses incurred when on work-related responsibilities and to encourage staff to attend professional development activities, the Daily subsistence allowances (DSA) rates had to be established. However, weaknesses in the control of daily subsistence allowances expenditure can cause problems, including distortions of human resource systems, fraud , and misuse by the staffs, which has the potential to affect government's objectives adversely through corruption. The purpose ofthis study was to analyse the effects of daily subsistence allowances expenditure on the overall budget and service goals ofthe Ministry of Safety and Security in Windhoek, Namibia as from the financial year 20 I 0/20 I I to 2015/2016. The analysis of daily subsistence allowances effects on the overall budget identifies the risks of malpractice and fraud and offer suggestions for improvement. The study applied mixed methods. The population size was 174 and the sample size comprised of I 08 respondents. The research instrument used in this study was a self-administered questionnaire, distributed to I 08 respondents. The study found out that, overspending has become the order ofthe day and this is done at the expense of service delivery. There was too much movement of members for the same mission and time. This revealed that there are no proper measures to control the activities when it comes to official missions. Sometimes staffs have created unnecessary missions just to earn extra income to solve their problems, and this harms daily subsistence allowances expenditure and the Ministry's overall budget. In addition to that, the study also found that there was a lack of financial control measures caused by poor management and lack of accountability regarding the use of daily subsistence allowances in the line Ministry. Given the findings of the research, the researcher recommends that theM inistry o fSafety and Security should make a yearly plan for their missions, which the line Minister are supposed to know by the beginning of the year. The Mission Committee must be the one in charge of the planning of the mission, organising, approval and knowing who is travelling while ensuring that people arc rotating fairly. This will help to improve the effectiveness of managing the Daily Subsistence Allowances expenditure
An analysis of the impact of the exchange rate on export perfomance in Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2019) Amadhila, Orodesia; Mugano, Gift
The purpose of the study was to analyse the effect of the exchange rate on export performance in Namibia. Furthermore, the researcher was to investigate if there is a relationship between the exchange rate and export performance. The objectives of the study were to examine whether there is a long run relationship between real effective exchange rate and export performance in Namibia, to determine the casual relationship between real exchange rate and export performance in Namibia as well as to suggest policies for the mitigation of the impact on the domestic economy. The theories on which this paper was based are Marshal-Lerner Condition, Exchange Rate Pass-Through and The Balance of Payments theory. To investigate the existence of a long run relationship between exchange rate and export performance in Namibia, the Engle-Granger two-step estimation technique was employed. The technique entails the determination of the long term co-integration relationship through testing for stationarity of the residuals using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. The study revealed that the variable exchange rate negatively affects export performance and that the coefficient is statistically significant. From the regression estimation it can be concluded that the theoretical proposition of the relationship between exchange rate and export performance is confirmed in the case of Namibia. A currency depreciation results in more exports while a currency appreciation results in a reduction in exports. Therefore, policy recommendations of the study included employing strong financial tools to hedge against change in the international market, such as: Accept the risk and transfer it through pricing, A void or minimise costly commodities, seek natural hedges and manage the risk through contracts
An analysis of the importance of government contribution to the growth of Agricultural Bank of Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2020) Hauwanga, Victoria; Sunde, Tafirenyika
The study was in exploration on the impact of state contribution to the growth of Agribank. The study was based on the one main objective which was to study the impact of state contribution to Agribank and the whole agricultural sector. This research applied an exploratory research design to tease information on the contribution of the state to the growth of Agricultural Bank of Namibia. The investigation on the impact of state contributions to the growth of Agribank was carried out in using a quantitative research method. In order to attain the objective, the structured questionnaires were designed following the specific objectives of the study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the participants. All ethical clearance data necessary procedures were followed before the data was carried out and permission was granted by the institution. The data was analyzed using SPSS and content-based analysis. The objectives of the study were to find out the impact of the state funding to Agribank on the bank's growth, the strategies that Agribank can implement to grow the loan book and recommendations on how Agribank could use the state funding to improve the agricultural sector in Namibia. The main findings of the study were that the state has a positive impact on the growth of Agribank. A direct relationship between the state funding and the Agricultural Bank of Namibia was identified through the findings. However, variables such as poor management, delays in approving loan applications as well as disbursement of funds to the client and lack of a sound loan recovery system hinder the smooth process of funding. The conclusions were that the growth of the Agribank depends on the state funding because it increases the number of loans hence the growth of Agribank. Interest rates do not really impact the growth of Agribank. The study came up with recommendations that the state has to increase its funding to Agribank. Employees should be developed regularly to be efficient in the discharge of their duties and to equip them with new management skills. The challenges faced in the process of carrying out the study were getting the participants to fill in questionnaire because they were always busy
An analysis of the nexus between public debt and private investment: Evidence from Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2022) Ngwena, Ester Ndapandula N.
Public debt in Namibia has been rising over the years and the question is whether the persistently high debt level can negatively affect private gross fixed capital formation or not. Applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for cointegration on data for the period 2010Q1 to 2019Q4, this study empirically examined the nexus between public debt and private gross fixed capital formation in Namibia. The ARDL test results revealed the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables. Domestic debt and interest rate were found to have a statistically significant negative effect on private gross fixed capital formation in the long-run. These findings are consistent with the Classical and Neoclassical Views, which state that domestic debt crowds-out private investment. Moreover, the Granger Causality test was employed as a confirmatory test to determine the direction of causality between public debt and private gross fixed capital formation. The Granger Causality test results show the presence of no causality between public debt and private investment in Namibia. A bi-directional relationship was, however, found to exist between interest rate and private gross fixed capital formation. Moreover, a statistically significant bi-directional causal relation was also discovered between gross domestic product and gross fixed capital formation. Policy implications from these findings are that proper debt management to support private gross fixed capital formation in Namibia is fundamental. Furthermore, the newly established revenue agency could create new avenues to raise funds to widen the revenue base. Finally, the government could moderately increase external borrowing, albeit with caution, as external debt can be susceptible to external shocks, which affect debt service cost

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