Faculty of Commerce, Management and Law

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A critical evaluation of the efficacy of the willing-seller, willing-buyer concept in the Namibia’s land reform policy and legal framework
(University of Namibia, 2024) Haimbili. Rebeka
Namibia inherited a skewed land redistribution system in favour of a white minority, which necessitated the newly elected government to enact measures to redress this injustice. This study investigated the effectiveness of the willing seller, willing buyer principle and redistribution policies that were enacted to implement the land reform programme. The willing-seller, willing-buyer (WSWB) approach, together with the enacted legislative framework on land have failed dismally in ensuring the equitable distribution of land and in realising the transformative aims of the Constitution. The study analysed the legislative framework to deduce reasons why Namibia has failed to properly address the issue of landlessness 32 years after it attained independence. It also criticises the path of national reconciliation that the government adopted shortly after independence in that it deprived the country of an opportunity to holistically address the inequitable distribution of land. The study found that the major constraints to meaningful land reform are contained in the legislative framework on land, as well as the mixed economy order which undermine the government’s efforts to redistribute land. The study also found that Namibia’s land reform programme does not comply with widely accepted requirements of a successful land reform programme, such as rapidness in implementation, and consensus on the political legitimacy and appropriateness of the mode of land acquisition, which in this case, is the willing seller, willing-buyer policy. Drawing on the experiences of land reforms in South Africa and Zimbabwe this study also found that there is a need to rethink land reform in Namibia, by infusing restorative justice in the land debate, by combining it with other policies that can enhance productivity in agriculture, as well as by easing the burden on the state as the only party responsible for managing and implementing the process of land reform.
Accessing government information in Namibia as a human right issue
(University of Namibia, 2015) Nakuta, John; Mnubi-Mchombu, Chiku
There is general consensus that access to information is indispensable for a functional democracy. It is for this reason that access to information has been recognised and guaranteed as a fundamental human right in various international, regional and national instruments. The right to access to information is not explicitly guaranteed in the Namibian Constitution but is claimable through article 144 of since Namibia acceded and/or ratified various international human rights instruments which provide for this right. This article evaluates the question as to whether access to information is regarded as a human rights issue in Namibia. In determining this, the paper analysed the findings of the pilot study of the baseline study on human rights in Namibia with that of the main study with a specific focus on the theme dealing with access to information. Both studies found that it is almost as easy as it is difficult to access government information in Namibia. Both studies also show that elderly respondents and those with no formal education found it more difficult to access government information. Both studies show that the media was considered to be the main source of government policies, programmes and services. A mere 4 percent of the respondents in both studies indicated that they use libraries as a source for accessing public information. Distance to government departments and rude members of staff/poor service delivery were listed as the main barriers to accessing public information. Respondents in the pilot study listed outdated website content as their third major barrier, whereas respondents in the main study singled out too much bureaucracy as their third highest impediment to government information. The article asserts that the current situation whereby obtaining government information is at the discretion and disposition of civil servants is untenable and inconsistent with the right to access to information. The paper will explore how Namibians, from all walks of life, access human rights information. The paper is based on research which took place in Windhoek, Namibia in April 2012. The various aspects explored include access to government information and channels used to access information including the mass media. The final part of the paper will investigate barriers to accessing government information. Some recommendations will be made on how to improve access to government information in Namibia.
Accountability and democracy
(Idasa., 2012) Blaauw, Lesley
Adoption and utilisation of workplace e-learning practices in the public sector organisations: A systematic review
(Journal of learning for developement, 2023) Serema, Marguerite Margie; Shihomeka, Sadrag P.; Shalyefu, Rakel Kavena
The e-learning concept is increasingly receiving attention in education butthere seems to be inadequate guidance in developing a formal programme for implementing e-learning, especially in the public sector. Hence, this study focuses on aggregating information on the adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector and attempting the development of a conceptual model for understanding workplace e-learning implementation. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to collect all the literature addressing the adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector. This review brought to light key factors that influence the adoption and utilisation of e-learning amongst public sector employees, including attitude, satisfaction, behaviour intention, continuance intention, or behaviour to use e-learning. The adoption and utilisation of e-learning in the public sector requires a carefully thought-through and evidence-based approach, especially the development of the e-learning programme
Affirmative action and black empowerment in tourism industry
(2000) Haindongo, Shikwetepo
No abstract by author in copy of thesis available at UNAM. The following is taken from the author's introduction:
The African Union (AU), the African Youth Commission (AYC) and the Pan-African Youth Union (PYU): Sabotaging or bureaucratizing the youth?
(2018) Amupanda, Job S.
There now exists overwhelming evidence that many African states are gerontocracies - states wherein the leadership is way older than the average age of the population. Whereas these discussions were previously attributed to external observers of African politics, particularly observers from the western world, this question of and on African leadership has now gained domestic root. The youth of the continent has since started demanding their places at various decision-making tables within their nation states. This has led to generational antagonism of which some have led to youth-led uprisings. While there are several analyses at the state level, there has been little analysis of the relationship between the African Union (AU) and the youth of the continent. This text takes the analysis to the continental level. The text does not only concern a continental analysis, it’s most important contribution is to add new developments that have not appeared in much of the contemporary literature on African development. To buttress these perspectives, the text looks at the relationship between the AU and two continental youth organizations: the PYU (Pan-African Youth Union) and the AYC (African Youth Commission). It reveals that at the time of writing, Africa was the only continent without a recognized continental youth body. The text is aimed at provoking further questions and discussions on the AU’s youth discourse with this daring question: sabotaging or bureaucratizing youth?
Agriculture and manufacturing sector growth in Namibia during the period 1981 to 2012: A granger causality test
(2014) Siboleka, Milner; Nyambe, Jacob M.; Osterkamp, Rigmar
Namibia became independent in 1990. Since then, the democratic government has pursued various development policy tools to empower Namibians economically. The 4th National Development Plan identified four strategic economic growth enhancing activities, namely agriculture, manufacturing, logistics and tourism. Agriculture remains the largest employer while manufacturing, logistics and tourism are growing, but slowly. This paper is premised on investigating whether or not there is a causal and long term relationship between agriculture and manufacturing sector growth over the period 1981-2012. Ascertaining the direction of the relationship is part of the objectives. Analytical methods that were used include unit root, correlation test and a Granger Causality model. With the use of time series data, the results confirmed stationarity of the data. With 31 observations, no causal relationships were established between agriculture and manufacturing in Namibia. Appropriate policy interventions are required to influence how the two sectors should benefit from each other. Such holds potential for both sustained employment creation opportunities and economic growth in Namibia.
Alternative institutional arrangements of accelerating the implementation of rural electrification in Namibia
(2007) Muyenga-Muyenga, Simon; ;
Abstract provided by author
Alternative to state dominated criminal prosecution in Namibia
(2007) Uanivi, Uaatjo
Criminal proceedings, in general, are proceedings which in substance are of a criminal nature, and not of a civil nature and include, inter alia, applications for a stay of prosecution and release from detention, etc. The constitution of the Republic of Namibia protects the rights of all persons including the rights of victims of crime which are also recognised in the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principle of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power adopted by the General Assembly in Resolution 40/34 of 29 November 1985. This protection covers rights impaired by the State and/ or individual persons, acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws and/or any other law operative and enforceable in Namibia. These rights have to be respected and protected by all organs of government involved in the judicial process, from the moment of the commission of the crime or offence up to and including the completion of the judicial process and/or quasi-judicial process related thereto. Hence, the need to have checks and balance mechanisms with respect to state power and functions in the prosecution process. We have very often witnessed white-collar crimes not being prosecuted in Namibia.
An analysis of factors influencing the financial performance of Namibian fuel stations in Helao-Nafidi town
(University of Namibia, 2023) Mirjam, Wilka Kuhatumwa
This study sought to analyse factors that have an impact on the financial performance of fuel stations at the Helao Nafidi town in the Ohangwena region, in terms of risk management, high fuel prices, the pandemic (COVID-19, logistic management (stock arrival) and the role of government in mitigating losses of financial performance. This study used explanatory sequential research design. It adopted a mixed methodology approach in which data was collected using a questionnaire for the quantitative part and for the qualitative part, an interview guide was used. To achieve this, the study used multiple regression analysis, based on a sample size of 32 participants and the results reveal positive impacts of risk management and stock arrival on business performance while high fuel prices and pandemics reveal negative impacts on business performance for fuel stations at the Helao Nafidi town in the Ohangwena region. Moreover, the study followed up on these findings qualitatively to explore the role that the government can play to mitigate business performance losses for the fuel stations due to pandemics, which go hand in hand with high fuel prices using reflective thematic analysis in NVivo. This analysis was based on the data collected from 12 interviewees using an interview guide and results revealed two themes, each with two codes. The first theme was on controlling the rivalry with two codes as oil/fuel smuggling control and the protection of the borders. The second theme was selfreliance that is associated with two codes as own oil discovery and giving subsidies. Thus, the study applied an explanatory sequential research design. Lastly, qualitative findings serve as policy recommendations while in terms of directions for future studies, the study suggests future research focus on other regions that are not severely affected by oil/fuel smuggling in Namibia from Angola, as well as to assessing the impact of the pandemic on business performance for companies in other sectors. Keywords: Business performance, risk management, high fuel prices, COVID-19 pandemic, multiple regression analysis, reflective thematic analysis
An analysis of the nexus between public debt and private investment: Evidence from Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2022) Ngwena, Ester Ndapandula N.
Public debt in Namibia has been rising over the years and the question is whether the persistently high debt level can negatively affect private gross fixed capital formation or not. Applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for cointegration on data for the period 2010Q1 to 2019Q4, this study empirically examined the nexus between public debt and private gross fixed capital formation in Namibia. The ARDL test results revealed the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables. Domestic debt and interest rate were found to have a statistically significant negative effect on private gross fixed capital formation in the long-run. These findings are consistent with the Classical and Neoclassical Views, which state that domestic debt crowds-out private investment. Moreover, the Granger Causality test was employed as a confirmatory test to determine the direction of causality between public debt and private gross fixed capital formation. The Granger Causality test results show the presence of no causality between public debt and private investment in Namibia. A bi-directional relationship was, however, found to exist between interest rate and private gross fixed capital formation. Moreover, a statistically significant bi-directional causal relation was also discovered between gross domestic product and gross fixed capital formation. Policy implications from these findings are that proper debt management to support private gross fixed capital formation in Namibia is fundamental. Furthermore, the newly established revenue agency could create new avenues to raise funds to widen the revenue base. Finally, the government could moderately increase external borrowing, albeit with caution, as external debt can be susceptible to external shocks, which affect debt service cost
An assessment of employers' expectations to enhance the employability of university graduates in Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2023) Nepando, Victor P.
The issue of university graduate employability is a universal challenge however severe in developing countries. Namibia is one such developing country that has challenges with graduate employability. This study was conducted to establish the employers' perceptions of graduate employability. The study sought to establish the employers' perceptions towards graduate employability, employers' views on the effectiveness of recruitment and selection methods to determine the skills of graduates, and to establish interventions that can be put in place to enhance graduates' employability. The study adopted a qualitative exploratory research design informed by interpretivism as the research philosophy underpinning the study. Out of a population of 69 employers, twenty purposively selected employers were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide, which contained questions, aligned with the research objectives. Data were analyzed using a thematic data analysis technique. An Atlas ti software was used to analyse data. The following results were obtained. Employers perceived graduates to lack hands-on and soft skills. According to the employers, a lack of hands-on skills compromised productivity, and a lack of soft skills affected adjusting to the work environment and fitting into the team. The employers further indicated that a lack of these skills made the induction process long and costly to the organisation. The study established that recruitment and selection were aimed to select recruits who were then taken for induction, hence the selection process fails to determine the skills of the graduate. Finally, the study recommended the need for an inclusive approach to curriculum design, where all key stakeholders are part of the curriculum design process. The study also recommended enacting an attachment policy, which is inclusive and includes a module on soft skills in all courses. The Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Creations were requested to conduct a skills audit, to guide and inform tertiary institutions on the demand for skills. Universities would be informed of trades, which require additional skills. The study also raised the need to 4 counsel students during their final year at university. The study suggested further study involving all key stakeholders on the challenges of graduate employability so that an inclusive plan of action can be generated
An assessment of the factors influencing airport security at Namibian airports: A case study of Hosea Kutako International Airport, 2018-2023
(University of Namibia, 2024) Shekupe, Angula Fillipus
Airports are regarded as unique entities that have insightful economic, social, and environmental effects on a local, regional, and even international level. Therefore, because of its crucial impact, the subject of airport security has taken the centre of discussions of numerous studies. A Security audit conducted in Namibia by the International Civil Aviation Organisation in 2018 revealed that some aspects of airport security at Namibian airports needed improvements. The audit suggested that Namibia needed to improve in various security aspects such as, the screening of passengers, screening of baggage and cargo, certifying of screeners, and employing of internal quality control measures to ensure quality assurance. Against this background, the purpose of this study was to examine the key factors that influence the effective and efficient execution of airport security at Hosea Kutako International Airport. The main security factors that were assessed are Human Resources, Regulations and Supervision, Machinery and Equipment, and Stakeholders. This was done by analysing opinions of airport security practitioners including managers on the security factors by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from selected respondents. The study population comprised of aviation security practitioners at Hosea Kutako International Airport from the Namibia Airports Company, Namibian Police, and the contracted security service provider the Namibia Protection Services. The study employed a case study design, and the collected data were analysed using Microsoft Excel software and interpretations were made from the results of analysis. The findings of the study show that the main factor of Human Resource is rated the most important factor, followed by the Machinery and Equipment, Regulations and Supervision, and Stakeholders respectively. Other sub factors and criteria were used in determining the level of importance of the main factors of airport security. The study formulated a model of airport security systems which, in conjunction with the decision model can assist in addressing operational and administrative security challenges. This model can be used by airports authorities to effectively deploy its limited resources by directing it to the security factors that are considered of great importance than other factors in enhancing airport security system. Furthermore, it may also be used to address the gap that may exist within the airport security systems. The study concluded that human resource is one of the important factors in airport security and therefore, to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of airport security it is recommended that qualified and well-trained personnel be employed
An evaluation of financial management practices in tier 3 state owned enterprises in Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2022) Veroonika, Petrus
The success or failure of any organisation whether public or private is reckoned on the governance and effectiveness of its financial management practices. Moreover, financial management practices have an impact on a broad range of areas within an organisation, including, aggregate financial management, operations management, governance and fiduciary risk management. Consequently, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the financial management practices in Tier 3 SOEs in Namibia. Specifically, the study investigated the current financial management practices adopted by Tier 3 SOEs in Namibia and to determine their effects as well as to identify the challenges regarding the implementation of financial management practices. The study employed a descriptive survey research design to collect the data on financial management practices from the CEOs, Accountants and Financial Directors/Managers (FD/Ms) of Tier 3 Namibian SOEs. Semi - structured questionnaires were used to collect the primary data and all data was entered and analysed using SPSS v.26. Descriptive analysis was done and the results were presented in tables, figures and charts. The findings show that, financial planning and control, reporting and analysis of financial, working capital management and capital structures management practice are current financial management practices adopted by Tier 3 SOEs in Namibia. Companies have good financial performance. Lack of advanced knowledge and skills was one of the challenges experienced in the implementation of financial management practices in the SOEs. Failure to fill vacant positions and lack of support from leadership (management) were also identified as challenges that hinder the implementation of the financial management practices. Therefore, the study recommends that the managers in SOEs should highly prioritise financial management practices during the formulation of their organisation's strategies to enhance transparency, accountability and consistency in financial operations. Finally, the study also recommends that regulatory bodies should formulate appropriate policies and regulations which would facilitate the implementation of financial management practices in companies.
An evaluation of Namibia’s anti-corruption laws and their effectiveness: A contemporary legal perspective
(University of Namibia, 2024) Nekomba, Alpha Fiyoopeni
This study evaluated Namibia's institutional, legal, and policy frameworks as to how well they function together to fight corruption. There is no question that corruption has an impact on economic development in terms of economic efficiency and growth and hinders the equitable distribution of resources across the population, leading to an increase in income disparities and undermining the efficacy of social welfare programmes, which in turn prevents economic growth, prosperity, and the eradication of poverty. It is necessary to have strong institutional, legal, and policy frameworks to effectively tackle corruption. Namibia has created national anti-corruption structures. In terms of the Anti-Corruption Act, Act No. 8 of 2003, the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC), an independent agency, was established with the mandate to combat and prevent corruption in Namibia, amongst others. The legal regime on corruption in Namibia is contained in other Acts of parliament, the Prevention of Organized Crime Act, Act No.10 of 2004, and the Financial Intelligence Act, Act No.13 of 2012. However, the effectiveness of Namibia’s legislative and institutional framework in fighting corruption is still up for debate. The Anti-Corruption Act is the primary legislation, giving a wide and all-encompassing definition of corruption. Namibia has several institutions geared at preventing corruption or guaranteeing adherence to various legal frameworks in addition to the legal frameworks themselves. These institutions' contributions to the fight against corruption will ii be examined in this study. This study examined numerous innate weaknesses and gaps that may prevent Namibia from effectively tackling corruption in its final analysis. The study concludes that Namibia needs the right institutional, legal, and policy frameworks in place before it can effectively combat corruption. To combat corruption in Namibia, this study recommended that new policies be developed, existing policies be reviewed, and existing institutional and legal frameworks be strengthened
An evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on the performance of hotels and lodges in Windhoek, Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2023) Kauatuuapehi, Clemence
This study evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of hotels and lodges in Windhoek, Namibia. The study was promoted by the poor and uninspiring performance of hotels and lodges following the pronouncement of successive COVID-19 induced lockdowns. The objectives of the study were to establish the influence of COVID-19 on occupancy rates, ADR, RevPAR and profitability of hotels and lodges in Windhoek, Namibia and suggest perceived policy interventions for sustainable recovery of the hotels and lodges. The study was theoretically guided by the theory of constraints, resource-based theory and the dynamic capability theory. The study adopted the positivism philosophy and quantitative approach to enable the researcher to make use of scientific evidence, including statistics that show how COVID-19 affected the performance of hotels and lodges in Windhoek, Namibia. A correlational research design was employed to facilitate hypotheses testing and explain the cause-and-effect relationships between the COVID-19 pandemic and the performance of the hotels and lodges. A total of 89 structured questionnaires, designed using google forms, were electronically distributed through a cross-sectional survey that targeted managers and accounting officers of the participating hotels. The respondents were selected using stratified random sampling in order to reflect the population structure in the sample. Data was analysed quantitatively using SPSS version 19. It was revealed that rising new COVID-19 cases and deaths as well as restrictions on domestic, regional and international travel led to cancellation of bookings and low occupancy rates. COVID-19 negatively impacted on Average Daily Rate (ADR), Revenue Per Available Room (RevPAR) and profitability of hotels and lodges. The study concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the performance of hotels and lodges in Windhoek, Namibia. It was recommended that hotels and lodges should develop new business models; advocate for a rescue / aid package for hotels and lodges and target domestic tourists with limited travel restrictions to enhance occupancy, ADR and RevPAR. A further study covering other cities and towns in Namibia and incorporating qualitative methods was suggested
An investigation into the survival strategies of small and medium enterprises amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Ohangwena region, Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2023) Haipa, Victorina
The study revealed that many Ohangwena Region (Namibia) SMEs business owners devised many ways to remain afloat in our businesses such as advertising through Facebook, WhatsApp, Tik Tok and others. It was further noted that they resorted for grouping into smaller groups and asking for one transporter to carry their stock from Windhoek. As a survival strategy. This served them transport costs, Covid-19 protocol clearances as well as funds for accommodation and refreshments to and from Windhoek. It was also discovered that networking with other competitors, e-marketing, consulting business gurus, cutting down the staff, introducing short working hours as well as down-sizing their operations ensured their survival during the pandemic. However, despite the strategies employed, it was discovered in the data that some SMEs found it difficult for their businesses to stay afloat. Thus, it impacts on transactions in the market. Various elements affected included restaurants, markets, shopping centres, online transportation and SMEs. It was therefore advised that businesses, particularly such negatively impacted SMEs should explore the use of network communication platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp, if they are to overcome the supply chain disruption challenges caused by COVID-19
An investigation of the relationship between effective employee engagement and performance of Zambezi Regional Council
(University of Namibia, 2018) Maloboka, Riscoh Muswabile
Human resources are one of the most critical success factors of any organization or institution. Having employees feeling that they are part of the organization’s big family can motivate them to perform their duties exceptionally well and in the long run make an organization more competitive. The performance of an employee is linked to the performance of the organization in the sense that if employees do not perform their duties diligently, the performance of the organization will also suffer, and consequently the organization will perform poorly. This study investigated the relationship between effective employee engagement and the performance of Zambezi Regional Council. The study used a random sampling technic to select the sample. A structured questionnaire was used in gathering data. A response rate of 92.5% was recorded. The data collected was recorded, coded and presented in Microsoft Excel. The collected data was presented by way of various graphs such as pie charts, bar graphs and line graphs. The main research finding was that most employees are not engaged fully in their work due to various reasons contained in this document and thereby impacting the organizational ultimate performance
An investigation of the relationship between tax revenues and economic growth: The case of Namibia
(University of Namibia, 2024) Kumonika, Lukas
This study empirically investigated the relationship between tax revenue and economic growth in Namibia using the annual data for 1981-2020. The time series on GDP, net tax, private consumption and gross capital formation were extracted from annual national accounts tables available on Namibia Statistics Agency’s web site. The ARDL bound test confirmed no cointegration between tax revenue and GDP growth hence, the short-run ARDL was employed. The results of the short-run ARDL revealed a positive and significant contemporaneous relationship between taxation and economic growth. It is therefore, inferred that Namibia conforms to the hypothesis that economic growth and tax revenue reinforce each other In the same vein economic growth is significantly and negatively affected by the some historical values (lags) of net tax.. Moreover, the Granger causality test divulged neither unidirectional nor bidirectional causal relationship between tax revenue and GDP growth. In the final analysis, it is recommended that tax policies should be concurrently implemented with accelerated supply side policies such as business financing, product cost subsidization, entrepreneurial skill acquisition, especially in growth-driving sectors and eventually broaden the tax base. In other words, the results of the study implies that growth policies should be supplemented by a strong tax system so as to optimize revenue collection. The consistence of the findings of this study with the optimal tax theory implies that excessive taxation can distort economic activity, therefore, slow down production
Analysing perceptions of employees on the implementation of the performance management system: A case study of the Directorate of Sport in the Ministry of Sport, Youth and National Service
(University of Namibia, 2018) Mbanga, Owen Kachana
In an effort to improve performance, the government of Namibia has identified Performance Management System (PMS) as a vehicle towards achieving national goals and objectives. However, the implementation of PMS seems to be ungainly, with not much to be shown. To this extent it is important to analyse the implementer’s perceptions (employees) on the implementation of the performance management system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse employee’s perceptions regarding the implementation of the Performance Management System (PMS), and to establish whether the employees and managers understand the objectives of the PMS. It also seeks and recommends possible solutions to the managerial and employees in the Directorate of Sport. Mixed method research design, comprising of both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Structured questionnaires that consisted of a Likert scale and open ended interviews were the most appropriate tools used to collect data in order to gain more understanding on the research participant’s perspective of PMS in terms of their perceptions and understanding. The population of the study was 95 employees and the sample size was 20 within the Directorate of Sport under the Ministry of Sport, Youth and National Service. It consisted of Directors, Deputy Directors, Chief Sport Officers, Senior Sport Officers and Sport Officers from the Directorate of Sport. Out of the stated sample size, only 19 respondents participated in this study. Sixteen (16) respondents were randomly selected, and 3 were purposively selected for interviews. The data collected from the questionnaires was analysed using tables, graphs, and charts. This data was also interpreted in summary form, while the data from the conducted interviews was transcribed. This study reveals that the employees perceive that PMS can improve performance in the Directorate of Sport, and they also show a good understanding of PMS objectives. However, they feel that the implementation of PMS in the Directorate of Sport has failed and is ineffective, because it is not adapted to the current available setting and environment of sport. Additionally, the lack of prioritisation of planned activities makes financial resources, and the application of PMS to the directorate of sport and its implementation difficult as it puts strain on the limited resources. This finding is reflected by the main challenges of the limited budget. This thesis recommends that a manager-employee relationship should be created to improve employee-manager relationship and communication on clear alignment of implementing the strategic plan, annual plan and performance agreements. This should be done in order to create and sustain a performance-orientated culture, which will enhance employees’ commitment and dedication towards the achievement of the Directorate of Sport objectives and goals as aligned to the National Development Plan five (NDP 5).

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