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Item Exploring factors affecting the success of women entrepreneurship in Namibia: The case of women entrepreneurs in Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2021) Negonga, Iina Nelago; Saruchera, FannyOver the past decades, the number of women venturing into business has exponentially grown, especially developing economies such as Namibia. The challenges such female entrepreneurs face has also equally been rising over the years. The purpose of the study was to explore factors affecting the success of women entrepreneurs in Windhoek (Namibia). To accomplish this, the following objectives were considered: to identify the factors affecting the success of women entrepreneurship; to determine the factors contributing to the success of women entrepreneurs; to establish the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and to ultimately establish the strategies to improve the welfare and development of women entrepreneurs in Windhoek. The researcher used the descriptive - exploratory research design, meaning that a mixed method research approach was employed for this study, through the use of the self-administered questionnaires (60) and the semi structured interviews. Results from the study indicated that the success of women entrepreneurship in Namibia is hindered by factors such as; gender stereotyping of women, lack of marketing skills, lack of government support, lack of knowledge, and lack of capital, among others. The study concluded that human capital, marketing, technology and speed with which to the market are the major factors behind the success of women entrepreneurs in Windhoek. The study thus recommended the support from fmancial institutions (banks and discount houses) for start-up capital, and government support (educating women in technology, skills and expertise), as well as support from spouses as these could create some success stories in entrepreneurship. There, also, is need for the government to be involved to make women entrepreneurs successful through business education, and supportive policies that make it easier for them to access fmancesItem Investigating the factors affecting budget implementation in the Namibian Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration(University of Namibia, 2021) Shifonono, Juliana; Akande, Joseph OlurunfemiDespite control and implementation being used as tools for the proper and efficient administration of resources at the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration, the Ministry still faces difficulties with budget implementation. As such, the study sought to investigate factors affecting budget implementation at the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration with a focus on monitoring and evaluation, availability of financial resources, organisational financial policies, and government financial regulations. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design to explore factors affecting budget implementation within the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. The respondents comprised of Deputy Directors, Administrative Officers in the procurement department, Control admin officers, Accountants and internal auditors, Budget Assistants and HR personnel. Out of a population of 50 employees directly working with budgets, 44 employees f01med the representative sample. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample to ensure that only knowledgeable individuals were contacted for data collection. The research findings revealed a myriad of factors behind the challenges faced at the Ministry when it comes to budget implementation concerning monitoring and evaluation, availability of financial resources, organisational financial policies and government financial regulations. Some of the critical factors include frequency of budget revision, departments' coordination on budgetary issues, staff training on budget implementation, ministerial overspending, budgeting spending and Ministry efficiency amongst others. Despite all the factors hindering efficient budget implementation at the Ministry, the study confinned there are systems in place to support budget implementation. The study rejected all the null hypothesis and accepted the alternative hypothesis. The study recommends that for the Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration to curb challenges in budget implementation, there is a need for procedures and guidelines in the allocation of funds and operational implementation policies. This study will benefit the Central Government and the Ministry of Finance as it proposes best practice and strategies to mitigate failures in budget implementation and controlItem Investigating the use of alternative building technologies for affordable housing delivery ln Namibia(University of Namibia, 2021) Gatonye, Robert Mugabi; Randa, OkothThe huge housing backlog estimated by several studies conducted in Namibia to be over 100,000 units in 2016 and still growing 1s a manifestation of inadequate delivery of affordable housing. This study is inspired by this dire reality perpetuated by the low productivity of affordable housing projects that make use of conventional methods of construction. This study investigates the use of Alternative Building Technology (ABTs) as a potential solution to this problem. In pursuit of that, a convergent independent mixed methods research design was adopted where data was collected in parallel, analysed separately, and then merged at the discussion and reporting stages. The theoretical framework for the study included concepts and principles from economics, project management, psychology and lean construction. ABTs have qualities such as reduced waste in construction time, labour, and materials which make them more productive than conventional methods. Unavailability of serviced land, limited funding, conservative regulations, and poor project management are significant factors undermining the delivery of affordable housing in Namibia. Currently, use of ABTs in Namibia is very minimal but success has been observed elsewhere in Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda. The study is useful to policymakers recommending reforms to the delivery of affordable housing as well as property developers interested in this market segmentItem An analysis of the importance of government contribution to the growth of Agricultural Bank of Namibia(University of Namibia, 2020) Hauwanga, Victoria; Sunde, TafirenyikaThe study was in exploration on the impact of state contribution to the growth of Agribank. The study was based on the one main objective which was to study the impact of state contribution to Agribank and the whole agricultural sector. This research applied an exploratory research design to tease information on the contribution of the state to the growth of Agricultural Bank of Namibia. The investigation on the impact of state contributions to the growth of Agribank was carried out in using a quantitative research method. In order to attain the objective, the structured questionnaires were designed following the specific objectives of the study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the participants. All ethical clearance data necessary procedures were followed before the data was carried out and permission was granted by the institution. The data was analyzed using SPSS and content-based analysis. The objectives of the study were to find out the impact of the state funding to Agribank on the bank's growth, the strategies that Agribank can implement to grow the loan book and recommendations on how Agribank could use the state funding to improve the agricultural sector in Namibia. The main findings of the study were that the state has a positive impact on the growth of Agribank. A direct relationship between the state funding and the Agricultural Bank of Namibia was identified through the findings. However, variables such as poor management, delays in approving loan applications as well as disbursement of funds to the client and lack of a sound loan recovery system hinder the smooth process of funding. The conclusions were that the growth of the Agribank depends on the state funding because it increases the number of loans hence the growth of Agribank. Interest rates do not really impact the growth of Agribank. The study came up with recommendations that the state has to increase its funding to Agribank. Employees should be developed regularly to be efficient in the discharge of their duties and to equip them with new management skills. The challenges faced in the process of carrying out the study were getting the participants to fill in questionnaire because they were always busyItem Determinants of tax evasion among small and medium enterprises in Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2021) Shihwandu, Landuleni; Fombang, MccpowellToday it is widely accepted that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the essential catalysts for the economic development of any country; however, researchers have a growing concern on the determinants of tax evasion among SMEs. Using a mixed method design, the study aimed to assess the determinants of tax evasion among SMEs in Windhoek. A questionnaire was used to interview the respondents who own SMEs in Windhoek. Data was entered and analysed in SPSS. Descriptive statistics and regression were used to analyse the data. The study revealed that the economic determinants that influence the tax evasion by SMEs in Windhoek are: penalties, perception on governn1ent spending and fmancial constraints. Tax mentality and tax morale, perception on equity and fairness of the tax system and attitudes of the taxpayer are the non-economic determinants that influence tax evasion. The study found that age, marital status and education has effects on tax evasion. In the study, the researcher also discovered that taxpayers have a negative attitude towards taxation. The study recommends that govermnent must give the consumer a proper subsidy under a competitive firm's market, the consumer will voluntarily and fully declare unit tax so that the firm cannot cheat, and that the cheating and auditing costs can be saved, thus Pareto improving and efficient taxation without evasion becomes practicable. Government should understand the nation's behaviour towards taxes and through the Ministry of Inland Revenue set up strategies that would encourage and enable start up SMEs to pay taxItem An investigation into the effects of fiscal policy on the quality of primary and secondary education in Khomas region government schools(University of Namibia, 2019) Ephram, Ester Ndinelago; Chifamba, RonaldThe adoption of Sustainable Developmental Goals, culminated in the adoption of radical measures to increase enrolment, survival rates and minimising dropout rates for both primary and secondary primary education. The rise in educational demands is associated with increase in government expenditure. However, government either adopts contractionary or expansionary fiscal measures to stimulate growth in the economy. The extent to which fiscal policy changes impacts the quality of education (enrolment rates, dropout rates, pass rates and survival rates) was investigated in this study. The study investigated the nature and magnitude of the relationship between government spending, (as measured by yearly expenditure on operational, capital projects and teachers' deployment expenses) and the quality of education in Khomas Region public schools. The study adopted a correlational research design to test the strength of the relationship between quality of education and government spending. Data was collected through questionnaires and also obtained from empirical secondary data sources. An OLS regression model was used to test the relationship between government spending and education quality using the SPSS. The research found out there is a strong positive correlation between government expenditure and the quality of education. It was found that any one unit increase in the government expenditure has a corresponding increase in the quality of education. The study concluded that government should increase per capita educational expenditure to maintain a high quality of education because fiscal policy significantly affects the quality of educationItem A comparative analysis of the effects of public tax education and tax amnesty on tax compliance in Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2020) Mwapopi-Hanghome, Elise; Mtigwe, BruceThis study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of public tax education and tax amnesty on tax compliance. The Ministry of Finance (MoF) as the custodian of the management and administration of state funds grapples with a widening budget deficit which is becoming untenable. The Revenue department has accumulated massive tax debts spanning over many decades. This has been aggravated by the imposition of compound interest on outstanding amounts. In most cases, the amount owing now exceeds the capital amount. The causal-comparative research design was adopted in this study as it identifies differences between dependent variables and independent variables. Quantitative research methods with a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data from taxpayers. A probability sampling frame was then used to ensure that every taxpayer had an equal chance ofbeing selected. Analysis ofVariance (ANOVA) was used to test the research hypothesis because it requires fewer measurements to discover significant effects. Furthermore, descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used in order to explain the effects of public tax education and tax amnesty on tax compliance among Windhoek CBD taxpayers. Based on the outcomes, it comes out clearly that the Inland Revenue Department had no educational programs in place to provide training, teaching, and education to taxpayers. All that they do currently is to remind taxpayers about their tax obligations and compliance while the public lack basic skills and knowledge regarding tax. Whilst it seems that the tax amnesty is aimed at increasing tax revenues in the State Budget, only a handful of taxpayers came forward to participate in the program and the Inland Revenue Department did not collect as much debt owed as expected. The Inland Revenue Department needs to do more to come up with educational strategies to educate tax-payers and ensure that tax-payers gain basic knowledge, especially on filling tax-return forms. They also need to educate taxpayers and create awareness on the importance of tax amnesty programs by ensuring that the public understands the benefits and consequences of the program. Both tax amnesty and tax education programs if well implemented could help to enhance the level of compliance which would help taxpayers to comply voluntarily through all possible waysItem Investigating the impact of domestic economic dynamics on foreign portfolio investment in Namibia(University of Namibia, 2020) Shindongo, Naftal Keleni; Sunde, TafirenyikaThis study investigated the impact of domestic economics dynamics on foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in Namibia for the period 1986-2016. The study used annual and sec ondary data sourced from the Bank of Namibia (BoN), the Namibia Statistic Agency (NSA) and the World Bank. Explanatory variables such as inflation rate, trade openness, lending interest rate and gross domestic product (GDP) were used to explain the inflow of foreign portfolio investment. E-views statistical package was utilised to analyse and estimate the time series model. The study employed the methods of ARDL Cointegra tion (Bound cointegration) technique to establish whether variables exhibits the long run relationship and Granger causality approach to assess the causality relationship be tween FPI and the domestic economic dynamics. According to the regression results, the second lag of GDP, fourth lag of lending interest rate as well as the second lag of trade openness were found to be the most significant factors that positively influence the in flow of FPI in the Namibian Economy. Whereas, FPI is also negatively influenced by its own lag values and by inflation rate. The study recommended that the Government should create more flexible policies and investment regulations that protect and earn for eign capital investors' confidence in Namibia. Furthermore, the Government should em power the relevant institutions that deal with correction and keeping of data that can en able Investors to access investment information easily. Lastly, the Government should keep its membership with SADC, SACU, and European Union as part of the trade open ness incentives to attract FPI in the countryItem An investigation of factors influencing non-compliance with income tax by small and medium enterprises in Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2020) Hamunyela, Theolida; Indongo, NelagoThe main objective of the study was to identify the major causes of tax non-compliance among SMEs in Windhoek and examine the extent to which various factors affect tax non-compliance. Based on the problem that was investigated, the research design was multiple survey in nature, using mixed research methods. The target population of this study consisted of SMEs in Windhoek and included the SMEs from the construction, catering, transport, auto mechanics and crafts. The Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to test the significance of the relationship and the extent of factors associated with tax non-compliance among SMEs respectively. A 5% level of significance was adopted in making the decision on significance. A p-value of 0.05 or less was considered to be statistically significant. The results of this study revealed that 51.4 % (36) of the SME entrepreneurs did not have a certificate of good standing and 34.3 % (24) had a certificate of good standing with the Ministry of Finance while 14.3 % indicated that they do not know whether they have certificate of good standing. Specifically, majority of SMEs which fail to submit tax returns on time are close corporations. Only 57.1% sole traders did not submit their tax returns. The results also showed that SMEs which fail to submit tax on time had been awarded only one tender. The results further indicated that 41.7% of SMEs that did not submit tax returns on time had at least 15 years of experience. The study concluded that tax non-compliance of SMEs was influenced by business form, years of experience a company had as well as contracts awarded. Therefore, the business form, companies' years of experience and contracts awarded significantly influence income tax non-compliance. The researcher recommends that tax systems should be aimed at reducing the costs associated with complying with tax laws. This should encourage more SMEs to comply because when taxpayers spend little or no money to comply, compliance should come naturally. To enhance compliance, there is need to intensify taxpayer education in terms of increasing the number of sessions and broadening coverage to include tax consultantsItem Determinants of financial inclusion in Namibia: An analysis of the gender(University of Namibia, 2020) Shiwayu, Nikanor; Mukong, AlfredThere is a consensus between many development economists that a well-developed and inclusive financial system promotes inclusive growth and better livelihoods. Yet the size of the financially excluded adults in the world is still enormous. Generally, women are disproportionately excluded from formal financial systems and constitute more than half of the world 's unbanked population. The gender gap is systematic worldwide and persistent across all income groups in developing countries. However, it is interesting to observe that more eligible men are financially excluded than eligible womeri in Namibia. Motivated by this observation, in addition to limited evidence on gender gap in financial inclusion, this paper examines the determinants of financial inclusion in Namibia, with particular focus on what explains the observed gender gap. ' We employ the probit model to identify the determinants of financial inclusion and the Fairlie decomposition to examine the contribution of these factors to the gender gap in financial inclusion. The results suggest that women are more financially included, however, the observed gap is insignificant. We find that individual characteristics are important determinants of financial inclusion in Namibia. Financial literacy, educational attainment and proximity to financial institutions contribute positively to the observed gender gap. Thus, any policy action geared towards improving the level of financial inclusion of the disadvantage women should focus on enhancing their level of education, financial 'knowledge and access (proximity) to financial institution. However, the contribution of other individual and household characteristics cannot be completely ignoredItem An investigation into the impact of fiscal policy on investment in Namibia from 1990 to 2017(University of Namibia, 2020) Kandingua, Godfried; Kaulihowa, TEvidence from the credit rating agencies that resulted in the sovereign credit downgrade for Namibia, informed of the need to investigate fiscal policy's ability to influence investment. Hence, this study investigated the impact of fiscal policy on investment by considering the following variables: taxes, government spending and investment. It employed the bounds testing (ARDL) approach to cointegration to examine the long-run and short-run relationships between fiscal policy and investment in Namibia for the period 1990 to 2017. The ARDL model revealed a positively significant relationship between independent variables government expenditure, total revenue, gross domestic product, real interest and the dependent variable: investment. Error correction term (ECT) from the study was negative and statistically significant. The results of the ECT revealed an average speed of 79.1 1% for vruiables to adjust from any disequilibrium back to the long-run equilibrium annually. Furthermore, unit root tests (Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and the Phillips-Perrons (PP), were employed to investigate for stationary I non-stationary of the series the test was applied), diagnostic tests (Normality test, Serial correlation LM test and Heteroscedasticity test are applied) and stability tests ( the CUSUM test was used to test for existence of any instability of the coefficients and whether or not the model exhibited some structural changes over the study period) were used to ascertain the fitness of the model. The study recommends policy-makers to thoroughly review monetary and fiscal policy, applying the relevant policy mix at the most effective and efficient timeframe. Balancing the two policies is very critical to investment and economic growth as investors and other agents of growth are heavily dependent on prudent monetary and fiscal policy stanceItem An investigation into culture and its influence on socio-economic development in the Kingdom of Swaziland(University of Namibia, 2018) Gwebu, Aaron; Kabir, HumayunIn the socio-economic sphere, culture has become one of the influences or determinants of the same. Depending on the living environment, culture has tended to be either a resource or an impediment of socio-economic development (SED). The purpose of this study is to investigate existing cultures influencing SED in the Kingdom of Swaziland (KOS). The sequential mixed-method approach was used because the study entailed identifying and evaluating different cultures and their influence on SED, something that required both qualitative and quantitative studies. Traditional leaders, constituency heads and development practitioners were used as sample data for the study, where stratified sampling was employed in order to accommodate the diverse groups. Results of the study indicate that cultural influence is most prevalent in the rural communities, while the adoption of the new national constitution (NC) in 2005 brought an insignificant change in the way culture influences SED. Encompassed in the purpose of the study is also the exploration of possible ways to mitigate the adverse or stimulate the commendatory aspects of such influences without undermining or overlooking social elements of both cultural and national identity in the Kingdom. From the findings of the study, it was noted that cultural governance, cultural tourism, customs and traditions, gender discrimination and marginalisation of people living with disabilities are the main existing components relating to the area of the central phenomenon. To validate the authenticity of these, spin-offs such as employment, economic inequality, self sustainability and service delivery were used. Further findings, supported by empirical evidence, indicate that culture in the Kingdom is largely epitomised by the existence of the Monarchy authority, as a wide range of norms, beliefs, customs and traditions are entrenched in the core values of same. This infers that the KOS is predominated by socio-cultural values, which necessitates a telling influence on SED issues. A major recommendation would be the formulation of constitutionalised legislation with domesticated regulations and policies that will seek to balance the values and systems of culture with those of socio-economic development.Item A study of employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility management in the Namibian banking industry(University of Namibia, 2016) Tjitamunisa, Salomo; Ali, ShameenThis study investigated the employees' perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility Management in the Namibian Banking Industry. This study addressed the following research questions: How do the Namibian banking industry employees perceive CSR and what is their perception of the role of CSR and commitment to community welfare and development? CSR refers to all of an organisations impact on society and the need to deal responsibly with the impacts on each group of stakeholders, shareholders, customers, suppliers, employees and the community. Secondary data has been obtained from existing available literature and primary data were collected from survey data. A quantitative (questionnaire) research design was used to collect different data about the employees and management's perceptions ofCSR. The study found that the employees' perceptions of corporate social responsibility in the Namibian banking industry are poor. Employees do not appear to understand corporate social responsibility and most employees have poor perceptions about CSR and therefore CSR is not well applied in the Namibian banking industry. On the basis of the results ofthis research, it can be concluded that most bankers understand CSR as donating or giving back to society and they fail to understand it as the sustainable usage of scarce resources for future generations. The study concluded that there is a need for top management to undertake the internal marketing of their CSR efforts and to educate middle and junior management and employees about CSR and its importance to the banking industry and for the future generations. Adequate training and employee education on CSR awareness should be implemented; the banks should incorporate CSR strategies into their overall operational and strategic plans of the bankItem Assessing the impact of the performance management system on the performance of employees of Erongo RED(University of Namibia, 2019) Hoebes, Jenny Chandy; Muranda, ZororoThe performance of employees impacts overall organisational performance, hence the premise for Erongo Regional Electricity Distributor Company Pty (Ltd) utilising the performance management systems (PMS) tool to set targets and benchmarks for its employees' performance. The PMS is also a means to motivate them to achieve organisational goals and objectives. According to Bourne, M, Neely, A.D., Mills, JF. , and Platts, K. , (2003a) there is evidence that many organisations that attempt to implement PMS have not been successful. One reason for the low success rate is a lack of guidance on implementation. This study presents an investigation into the impact that the Erongo RED Performance Management System (PMS) has on employees' performance. During this investigation, special attention is paid to the employees' attitudes and in establishing how Erongo RED Executives and staff perceive the principle of linking performance bonuses to performance. The study further looked at determining challenges faced during the implementation phase. The study adopted a quantitative research method with data being analysed using descriptive statistics to gain more understanding on the research participant's perspectives on the PMS in terms of their skills and knowledge. The population of the study was ninety-three (93) respondents who consisted of executives, senior managers, middle management, specialised or senior supervisory, skilled or semi skilled and unskilled staff. Data was collected using standard self-administered questionnaires. It was coded, entered and analysed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study was set up after witnessing that the performance management system created strains between those who manage the services and those who are managed within them. This trend has prompted a debate for and against the objectivity and compatibility of the impact of performance management systems on employee performance. To conclude this debate the researcher carried out this research, studying the perception of employees on the PMS. The study revealed that the benefits of goal setting were not well proven and that the organisation needs to recognise that to improve the effectiveness of goal setting, one needs to start from the top. It was noted that more top management commitment on the PMS was required. Senior management "buy in" to the system is likely to have a direct effect on the success of the PMS. Leadership must walk the talk and lead by example on perfom1ance. Executives and employees, particularly thought that the company's focus was more on business processes to improve alignment of goals to business strategy and enhance the quality of those goals only. Overall, the study also found that the line managers are not prioritising performance management conversations and feedback satisfactorily. There is a general observation that the performance management system in Erongo RED de-emphasises the continuous reviews and assessments to encourage more regular feedback. There is also a perception that the Erongo RED performance management system is like a penalising tool used by supervisors on their subordinates and that the employees' performance is not duly acknowledged as it is supposed to beItem An evaluation of corporate governance practices at local authorities: A case study of Rundu Town Council(University of Namibia, 2019) Hamutenya, Bluemy M; Kaseke, NyashaCorporate governance systems have evolved over the years, if not centuries. More often than not, it has been in response to corporate scandals or system failures. This study sets out to evaluate the corporate governance practices at the Rundu Town Council (RTC), in terms of organisational values of good corporate governance and the existence of various policies, strategies and plans as part of its corporate governance model. This RTC case study used a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative research methods). The sample size was 18, equivalent to the target population but only 15 responded positively. Questionnaires were used to collect data and document analysis was carried out on secondary data. The data was imported into the SPSS with specific commands which enabled the retrieval of the results. Graphs and charts were analysed and postulated conclusions based on the analysis. The main findings were, among others, the minimal policy discretions on decisions with regards to HR, financial management, target group and policy instruments, non-existence of internal audit function and audit committee, existence of codes of conduct and strategic plan and, failure by the council to conduct regular performance assessment. In conclusion, a significant number of decisions in these important fields were taken in consultation with and within the limits set by the central government through its portfolio ministry, the MURD. This study recommends greater policy autonomy and accountability on HR, financial management, target groups and policy instruments. It also recommends the establishment of the internal audit function, audit committee and/or risk management committee. SLA should be considered between RTC and the portfolio ministry as a tool to measure and monitor performance by the respective ministryItem A comparative analysis of customer expectations and service quality of retail banking in Namibia: A case study of commercial banks in Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2020) Herunga, Benestus; Akpo, SimonThe SERVQUAL instrument was developed in 1988 by Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry as a multi-item scale to assess customer perceptions of service quality in the service industry. Customers judge service quality as low or high depending on whether · the service performance meets their expectations or not. The main objectives of study are to evaluate the service quality dimensions with respect to perception and expectation of customers in retail banking sector at the Windhoek CBD , to ascertain the gap between perception and expectation and to Identify the impact of customer perception/expectation on Perceived service quality. A Purposive and convenience sampling methods were adopted by the researcher to select 200 bank customers for the study. The researcher applied Gap analysis to determine if there was significant difference between customers perception/expectation on perceived service quality. The results indicate the significant difference between all the dimensions in customer perceptions and expectations. Responsiveness, assurance and empathy showed an average negative difference of -0.3,-0.02 and -0.12 for the four banks which means customer expectations are higher than' perception in every dimension. Also, the Tangibility and Reliability showed a positive difference of 0.12 and 0.03. The fmdings seem to suggest that retail banks put attention to improve these dimension's performance and to achieve their _goals in these ,competitive business environment. The study was limited to customers from the four commercial banks in the Windhoek CBD, where the greater part of the research ·was undertaken. Other limitations are that the sample size of the current study. is 200. Out of ~56 targeted. sample size from qomputed statistical formula. Although this sample · size meets the minimum requirement, a bigger sample size should have given more accurate results that could be generalized to environments beyond the Windhoek CBD. Namibia. Again, the study covers only customers from Windhoek Namibia, yet the four banks operate in the retail banking industry country-wide. Hence, other customers of the four banks were excluded from this studyItem An assessment of the influence of the Namibian housing policy on addressing accommodation shortages in Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2019) Sangunji, Antonio; Matipira, LovemoreHousing is a critical enabler of economic growth and a great tool for reducing poverty. In every country, the Government has the responsibility, through its national policy, to ensure the provision of adequate housing for its citizens. At present, more people are forced to live in precarious socio-economic circumstances by building their own substandard homes. Half of the poorest households live in the worst housing conditions. With growing economic difficulties, there are increasing concerns over the rising level of homelessness amid rising housing costs, mortgage defaults and foreclosures. This study critically assesses the current Namibian National Housing Policy established in 1991 (NNHP), later revised in 2009, to determine whether it is fit for purpose. The research found that the currently revised NNHP is largely to blame for the housing shortages and the high level of land disputes between Namibian landless citizens and the National police in various regions of Namibia. The study found that the driving factors behind the worsening housing crisis for low-income earners in Windhoek were rising prices, inadequate serviced land, high taxes, lack of access to loans and mortgages, an antiquated land tenure system and corruption in the housing distribution process among the authorities. In order to address the growing housing crisis, there is a need for thorough understanding of the problem and the driving factors behind the problem. Research shows that evidence-based policy making is more effective ·and helps to inform the judicious use of the scarce resources of the government. This study developed a conceptual model that seeks to promote an agreement and a process of collaboration among the government of Namibia, the private housing developers, financial institutions and the low-income group. The proposed model calls for the involvement of the Government in this whole process, because without government's participation in the improvement and housing provision, problems of shortage of accommodation in Windhoek will not be easily solved. With the proposed model, the study put forward, four main propositions to address the housing crisis. The ·three main propositions are i) Land tax proposition and rental control board in Namibia; ii) Reforming Namibia's rent bill; iii) Greater Support for the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia (SDFN). The proposed model together with these three propositions will ensure that the housing process is inclusive for all and that those households excluded from the market and conventional housing development mechanisms are given the opportunity to access land, housing and servicesItem An investigation into investors' satisfaction with the issuance and administration of government debt securities: A case study of the Bank of Namibia(University of Namibia, 2019) Groenewaldt, Theresa; Muranda, ZororoThe study investigated the investor's satisfactions with the issuance and administration of government debt securities in Bank of Namibia. A mixed-method approach was used in this study. The primary data was gathered through structured questionnaires, administered to portfolio managers, treasurers, directors, dealers, economists and Accountants from four economic sectors. Secondary data from related literature and official document reviews such us Debt Management Strategy and the Guideline for Effective Debt Management from the Ministry of Finance, IMF and the World Bank were used in gathering the necessary information for this study. Quantitative analysis of the data collected by structured questionnaires showed that overall investor's respondent felt that the government debt instrument issuance and administration to be effective, very important weaknesses in the process need to be considered very seriously. The noted concerns are the legal framework that needs to recognize the electronic trading platfom1 and allow the incorporation of the bonds into the book entry system. The need for the automation of the auctioning system and the method of submission of bids for tender and the linkage of Book Entry System to a settlement system to achieve Delivery V s Payment in markets for government debt securities. The use of structured questionnaires for data collection is a significant departure from the methods used in other studies in this area. The rich and contextual data gathered from the structured questionnaires justified this choice and contributed to the identification of issues not mentioned in the literature. Past studies have concluded that customer satisfaction is very important. Debt securities are issued through auction at the Bank of Namibia (the government fiscal agent), as per the government calendar and the borrowing plan. This is done by issuing debt securities/instruments such as treasury bills and bonds to the public. This is done with a purpose to raise funds to finance its budget deficit. As the monetary authority in Namibia, the BoN issues, redeems, and carries out all the administration related to the debt securities on behalf of the government. This study sought investors' views on the debt management operation. Therefore, Bank of Namibia should always strive to ensure that investors are very satisfied with the issuance and administration for government debt securitiesItem An investigation of factors influencing the performance of State Owned Enterprises in Namibia: Comparative cases of Roads Construction Company and Roads Authority(University of Namibia, 2019) Kalundu, Mariane Grace; Katoma, VictorThis study undertook a comparison on the performance of two SOEs in Namibia. The main aim of the study was to find out the factors that contribute to success and failure of SOEs. Thus, the researcher identified the Roads Authority as one of the well performing and successful SOEs with the Roads Construction Company representing the non performing SOEs. These SOEs were selected since they operate in the same industry but have been performing differently. The study chose a case study research design and the qualitative research method was used. A sample of 50 participants from both SOEs was used and it was selected from the middle and senior management. Interviews with semi structured questions in the interview guide were used to gather data. From the data collected it was found that the success behind the Roads Authority was as a result of good management, good corporate governance, effective internal control systems, transparency and accountability. On the contrary the failure of the Roads Construction company was due to these attributes, i.e. mismanagement, lack of transparency, lack of accountability, corruption, nepotism, and poor corporate governance. It was further noted that the management at RCC was not focused on achieving organisational goals but rather to serve self-interests. Malpractices in recruitment were also reported, leading to some of the managers holding senior positions not having the required qualifications and expertise to hold such posts. However, the research found out that the government is very supportive of SOEs and always bails out those non-performing SOEs. Finally, the research recommended the board of directors to take an active role to ensure the success of the SOEs in particular the RCC. The board is the focal point and plays an important role in ensuring adherence to the policy and vision of the company. They are responsible for providing the-vision as well as recruitment of the right staff that can drive the organisation towards the attainment of organisational goals.Item An investigation into the impact of training on human resources performance in the Government of Swaziland(University of Namibia, 2019) Tembe, Sindi P; Isaacs, AlbertEmployee training is a fundamental tool for the achievement of an organisation's expected results. Through training, the entire workforce of an organisation is able to be aligned and reaffirmed to the goals and objectives in pursuance of its strategic position. This study assessed the impact of training on human resource performance in the Government of Swaziland. The study adopted a mixed method in nature which was a compliment between qualitative and quantitative research approaches in nature and it involved a population of Human Resource personnel that represented six Ministries namely: Ministry of Economic Planning and Development, Commerce and Trade, Justice and Constitutional Affairs, Home Affairs, Tourism and Environmental Affairs, Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, as well as the Ministry of Finance. The study sampled 30 participants who were selected using the simple random sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed with Microsoft Excel which gave the findings of the study in the form of bar graphs. The study focused on the assessment of three objectives namely: the exploration of the benefits of training on human resource performance at a work place, the identification of the effectiveness ofhuman resource training methods, as well as the determination of the factors influencing successful human resource training at the work place. The resu1ts of the fmdings indicated that as in the context of the Swaziland Government, source of skill development was the highest variable among the benefits of training that influenced effective employee performance. The study also indicated that mentorship and coaching were the most common forms of on the job training used while vestibule and lecturing or conference training were the most commonly used off-the-job training tools that brought about higher employee performance at the place of work. The final aspect that was considered in the study was the factors that influence effective employee training and performance at the work place. These were identified as: leadership style as well as modernisation and technological use