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Item Collective security in the context of SADC: An analysis of SADC intervention in Mozambique(University of Namibia, 2025) Namwaapo, Malakia; Iroanya, Richard ObinnaThis study was undertaken to examine the concept of collective security as applied in the context of SADC with specific reference to its intervention in Mozambique. These entailed examining collective security mechanisms such as the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation (OPDSC), and Mutual Defence Pact (MDP). The study was guided by a Security Community Theory developed in 1957 by Karl Deutsch and his associates in its attempt to explain collective security. The theory aimed at the possibility for states to settle differences and gain peace through common values and interests and focused on the pluralistic security community. This exploratory study employed a qualitative research approach and a case study research design. Data were mainly collected by using a semi-structured open-ended interview guide. Moreover, policy documents, books, journals and online articles were also accessed and evaluated to guide the research plan and in triangulating the research findings. In addition, the study used a purposive sampling technique to select the appropriate participants, and as such, a sample size of 29 participants was used in the study. From data analysis, among others, it was found that the lack of political will among some member states to respond swiftly and decisively to security threats in the region was a challenge. As such, the study recommends that member states must reaffirm their commitment to the principles of collective security and should demonstrate unwavering political will and cohesion to intervene promptly to address security threats effectively. Finally, based on the complexities surrounding collective security in the context of SADC concerning its intervention to address conflict in the region, a further study focusing on investigating the role of external factors, such as international donors in influencing the collective security initiatives of regional organizations are recommendedItem An analysis of the implications of the Russia Ukraine war for Namibia’s economic security(University of Namibia, 2025) Shipia, Phoenix M. N.; Iroanya, Richard ObinnaGeopolitical conflicts have a negative impact not only on the countries in conflict but also on global peace and stability. This study aimed to analyse the implications of the RussiaUkraine War for Namibia’s economic security. The research utilised qualitative methods, specifically interviews and document analysis, as its primary instruments. Respondents were drawn from: the Ministry of International Relations and Cooperation; the Ministry of Finance; the Ministry of Defence and Veterans Affairs; the Ministry of Industrialisation and Trade; and the National Planning Commission of Namibia. A total of 20 respondents participated in the study, engaging in semi-structured interviews that allowed for in-depth exploration of their perspectives. The study was guided by the main research question: What are the main economic security implications of the Russia-Ukraine War for Namibia? Secondary research questions included: To what extent does the disruption of the global supply chain, because of the war, affect the Namibian economy? To what extent does the conflict impact Namibia’s exports to Ukraine and Russia? How can Namibia manage economic security threats posed by the Russia-Ukraine War? The findings reveal that the Russia-Ukraine War compromised Namibia’s economic security by contributing to local commodity price increases and affecting local food production due to shortages of fertilizers that were traditionally sourced from Russia. Disruptions in the global supply chain significantly impacted Namibia, necessitating the search for alternative routes for exports and imports. The study identified diversification and the promotion of local production as effective strategies for the Namibian Government to manage the economic threats posed by the Russia-Ukraine WarItem The use of excessive police force and its implications for personal security: A case study of the Wanaheda police jurisdiction, Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2025) Wimmerth, Gerhard Clemens; Iroanya, Richard ObinnaThe Namibian Police Force (NamPol) has over the years received considerable backlash for members' actions, particularly regarding the use of excessive force against community members when performing operational duties. The issue of the police’s use of excessive force has emerged as a grave concern in contemporary society, especially in the context of growing public scrutiny and demands for police accountability. The excessive use of force not only undermines the legitimacy of police authority, but it instils fear and anxiety among community members, which may result in a collapse in the relationship between the police and the communities they are mandated to serve. Most law enforcement agencies have policies that guide the use of force and firearms in maintaining law and order. These policies describe an escalating series of actions to resolve police-citizen encounters, which include situations that necessitate the use of force. This thesis focused on investigating the personal security implications associated with the police’s use of excessive force. Thus, the study interrogated whether the use of excessive police force undermines the capacity of the State to protect community members from physical harm or violence. A qualitative research approach was undertaken in this study and it used a case study approach. The data was obtained using semi-structured face-to-face interviews which were conducted at Wanaheda Police jurisdiction in Windhoek, Namibia. Data was analysed using thematic analysis in which themes and sub-themes were developed and were considered to be the most suitable for this study. The responses and insights expressed by the participants of the study provided a greater understanding of the impact and implications of the use of excessive force, which is central to safeguarding personal security and a more equitable and just society. The study provided recommendations to the organisation in adopting comprehensive training programmes, reforming the police culture, community policing initiatives and policy and procedural reforms to improve those entrusted with the protection of the individual’s rights and freedoms, the maintenance of law and order, and the prevention of crime and protection of life and propertyItem An evaluation of women’s role in peace negotiations: Case studies of Colombia and Sierra Leone(University of Namibia, 2025) Ndahangoudja, Hendrina N. N.; Iroanya, Richard ObinnaThis study examines the role of women in peace negotiations, specifically in Colombia and Sierra Leone. Despite the recognised importance of their contributions to peacebuilding, women’s involvement in formal peace processes remains limited. Using an interpretivist research philosophy and a qualitative approach, this study analyses secondary data from academic articles, reports, and testimonials to understand the intricacies and trials women are faced with in peace negotiations. The findings reveal that women bring unique perspectives shaped by their lived experiences of conflict, emphasising human security and social justice. However, systemic barriers, including cultural norms, institutional limitations and political exclusion, hinder their active participation in high-level negotiations, that could result in peace agreements between warring parties. The study identifies key themes such as the transformative potential of grassroots movements, the importance of collaboration, representation mechanisms and the necessity of institutional backing for gender inclusivity in peace negotiations. Based on the study’s findings, the study offers recommendations to enhance women’s roles in peace negotiations, including promoting gender inclusivity, supporting grassroots movements, strengthening legal frameworks, training and capacity building for women, as well as the enhancement of collaboration and networking. This study adds to the larger discourse about gender and peacebuilding by emphasising the critical need of recognising and appreciating women’s voices in the pursuit of long-term peace that is sustainableItem An assessment of the efficacy of decentralisation on public health service delivery: A case study of the Omaheke region(University of Namibia, 2025) Hikuama, Hilde V.; Lwendo, BrianThis study assesses the impact of decentralisation on healthcare service delivery in the Omaheke Region, Namibia. The study employed a qualitative approach, incorporating data from a targeted sample of 30 participants out of a population of 406. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, which allowed participants to share their experiences and perceptions regarding the accessibility, resource challenges, and engagement within the decentralised healthcare framework. The findings indicate that decentralisation has made healthcare services more accessible, especially in rural areas, due to the introduction of community health workers and outreach programs. Participants noted that healthcare services are now more reachable, which has reduced travel times for many residents and increased engagement in preventive care. However, resource inconsistencies, particularly medication shortages and insufficient staffing, emerged as significant challenges, affecting the quality and reliability of services in the decentralised system. These resource issues were commonly reported, underscoring the need for more consistent supply chains and improved staffing levels to ensure effective healthcare delivery. The study further found that decentralisation has empowered communities by fostering greater engagement and local involvement in healthcare processes, enhancing accountability and making services more responsive to local needs. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening supply chains for essential medical resources to mitigate shortages and implementing staffing improvements to address service gaps. Additionally, investing in healthcare infrastructure by building more clinics in underserved areas is advised to improve accessibilityItem Namibia-Angola borderline infrastructure and its implications on national security(University of Namibia, 2025) Amadhila, Hileni; Check, Nicasius A.The study assessed the effectiveness of current border management strategies and examined their impact on national security, using the border between Namibia and Angola as a case study. Media reports have indicated that the borderline between Namibia and Angola lacked structural integrity, road access, surveillance, and effective border management frameworks. The objectives of the research were to analyse the frequency of illegal crossings and the smuggling of illicit goods between Namibia and Angola. The study also assessed the potential threats to national security posed by the current security infrastructure along the borders. The study used quantitative research methodology by means of a survey design. Data was collected from a sample of 145 respondents using stratified random sampling. The results were analysed employing descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The findings revealed that multiple challenges hinder effective border security management, including difficult terrain and limited resources for surveillance and patrols. It resulted in high levels of unauthorised border crossings and illicit trafficking of goods along the borders, which has affected national security. No significant differences were found between agencies regarding borderline fortification inadequacies. The findings further showed a significant positive correlation with national security perceptions, thus emphasising the need for modernisation. Based on the findings, the study recommended the overwhelming support for technology adoption, interagency coordination, establishment of the integrated one-stop border posts, and custom reinforcements based on ground intelligence, with the involvement of the communitiesItem Assessing economic reintegration of ex-people’s liberation army of Namibia combatants in the Ministry of Defence and Veteran’s Affairs from 2006 – 2022(University of Namibia, 2025) Alweendo, Gabriel; Mazarire, Tichaona TrustThe history of Namibia, before the attainment of independence in 1990, is characterised by two major wars, that is the war of resistance (1885 – 1908), and later, the war of liberation (1966 – 1989). Following the conclusion of the liberation war, efforts to implement Disarmament, Demobilisation, and Reintegration (DDR) for former combatants of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) and exiles from the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) were initiated. The DDR of exPLAN combatants was implemented by the United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) on behalf of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1989. ‘Economic reintegration’ within the context of Namibia refers to the assistance rendered to ex-PLAN combatants that was meant to support their journey toward achieving economic self-sufficiency succeeding the DDR process. This study assesses the ‘economic reintegration’ of ex-PLAN combatants in the Ministry of Defence and Veteran’s Affairs (MODVA) from 2006 to 2022. The perceived problem discussed is that ex-PLAN combatants in Namibia face significant challenges in economic reintegration and career advancement due to limited education, lack of skills, lingering trauma from war, and inadequate post-conflict support systems, posing potential socioeconomic perils and risks to national security and social stability. This study utilised a qualitative research approach, and the data was collected through semi-structured interviews, and was analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The findings of this thesis indicate that the economic reintegration of ex-PLAN combatants in Namibia was faced with numerous challenges, some caused by the stagnation of the country’s economy, the region and/or the world economies between 2008 and 2021. The study recommends that the relationship between ex-PLAN combatants in the MODVA, the government and the ruling party should be positioned within the broader context of ii Namibia's political and socio-economic landscape. Finally, the study contributes to the debates on the economic reintegration of ex-PLAN combatants in the MODVAItem Gender roles in peace and security: A case study of gender representation in the Namibian Police Force management cadre(University of Namibia, 2022) Swawapala, Gabriel; Masake, Pilisano HThis thesis is an analysis of gender roles in peace and security with specific focus on the Namibian Police Force (NAMPOL) management eadre. The main objective of the study was to establish the role played by gender representation in the maintenance of peace and security. In line with a qualitative approach, the research adopted an explorative research design. The targeted population consisted of 200 senior ranked officers and the projected respondents for the study comprised of fifty (50) participants from the targeted population of senior ranked officers. A purposeful sampling method was used to select participants and email interview was used as a form of data collection. Interview questions were sent to participants' emails and they responded via the same channel. Some respondents were called via telephone to clarify some of their responses. Reports were also used as secondary data to support the study and confim1 some of the participants' responses. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the collected qualitative data, which led to interpretations of the study. The study revealed that men and women play different roles in ensuring peace and security in the country and having one gender dominating in the management cadre influences the decisions made as well as the performance of the entire NAMPOL. The role played by women in conflict resolution was deemed as exceptional as women were said to possess good communication skills, good situation analysis abilities, and good negotiation skills. These attributes help women to de-escalate conflicts in the communities and during peace keeping missions. The study further revealed that there were many causes of women underrepresentation in the NAMPOL management cadre. Stereotyping, lack of experience, administration bias and family responsibilities were among the causes of underrepresentation of women. The study recommends NAMPOL to develop its own gender policy that should be implemented at all levels with the hope that this may con·ect the gender underrepresentation of women at all levels. The study recommends NAMPOL to introduce gender training programmes and other training and development programmes targeting specifically women. It also recommends mandatory mentorship of junior officers in the preparation of them assuming leadership positions. The study also recommends other researchers to investigate NAMPOL's HR policies and procedures to ascertain their effectiveness in addressing gender inequalitiesItem An analysis of the challenges hampering the successful implementation of gender based violence policies: A case study of the Kavango East region of Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Likando, Johanna M.; Lwendo, Sitali BrianThis study was aimed at analysing the challenges hampering the successful implementation of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) policies in Namibia using the Kavango East Region as the unit of analysis. The study employed a descriptive and case study research design. A semi-structured questionnaire and an interview guide were used as data collection instruments. Thirty-five (35) respondents were purposively and conveniently selected from key stakeholders (regional councillors, traditional leaders, and Church leaders, civil society, government ministries). The empirical data collected from respondents was analysed qualitatively using thematic and content analysis to complement documentary analysis of secondary data. The thematic presentation and discussion of the results was guided by the study research questions. The findings of study revealed that it was imperative to review the existing policies on GBV to accommodate emerging issues if radical change in reducing GBV is expected. The findings of the study further revealed that key stakeholders such as civil society organisations, traditional leaders, church leaders and community members were not fully engaged and involved in the design of appropriate measures that would ensure effective and efficient implementation of policies aimed at reducing GBV. Given the gap between GBV policy and practice, the study advanced key recommendations that hinge on, capacity building for various key stakeholders, adopting technology in reporting of GBV cases, developing strategies to enhance coordination, monitoring and evaluation of the policy implementation, creation of effective engagement platforms for communities, traditional and church leaders on GBV matters, and robust revision of the existing GBV policies and Action PlansItem Evaluating public participation in the integrated development planning process of Groot Aub Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Mwiya, Kabuku T.; Lwendo, SBThis study was aimed at evaluating public participation in the Integrated Development Planning Process at Groot Aub in Namibia. The qualitative research method was adopted in carrying out the study. A sample size of 30 people was selected from the population of the study. The study used Stratified sampling to select (15) residents of Groot Aub, (5) small business owners and (6) Constituency Committee members. Whereas, Purposive sampling technique was used to select (1) Groot Aub traditional leader, (2) CoW staff members from the Public Participation and Economic Development department, (1) Windhoek Rural Councillor. Purposive sampling was deliberately used because the researcher believed that the people selected purposefully would provide insight that is valuable to the research topic. A tape recorder was used for interviews with the City of Windhoek personnel, focus group discussions were used with other participants of the study, then the researcher analysed data in a narrative way. Constituency committee members who participated in this study indicated that they had attended the constituency committee induction workshop, also they attended training courses that were related to their roles and responsibility. The study revealed that the traditional leader in Groot Aub is capacitated through attending Council meetings referred to as local municipality and constituency committee meetings as this is where information needed is received. Moreover, the CoW should create a training unit for its staff that deals with the IDP with the aim of training them continuously in order to ensure the effective and efficient implementation of all the programmes and projects in the IDP process sufficient funds to the IDP section in order to spearhead local economic activities in the Municipality. Findings from group discussion indicate that further studies should consider analysing the perceptions and attitudes of the stakeholders towards the effectiveness and efficiency of the local authorities‟ IDP ProcessesItem The essence of annual statistics on road infrastructure development and maintenance of local authorities in Namibia: A case study of the Ongwediva Town Council(University of Namibia, 2024) Mbidi, Petrus N.The study was based on the influence of annual statistics on road infrastructure development and maintenance of the Ongwediva local authority in Namibia. The study was unique in its nature as it primarily focused on questioning why there were no national annual statistics on road infrastructure development and maintenance in relation to the road infrastructure under the jurisdiction and management of local authorities in Namibia. The study, used mixed research methods in which questionnaires and interview guides were the research instruments used for data collection. The targetted sample size for the study was 30 respondents, and snowball and judgmental sampling techniques were used in the process of selecting research participants. The quantitative data was presented and analysed with the use of charts and frequency tables while the qualitative responses were presented verbatim. The study found that 86% of the research participants were not satisfied with the road infrastructure development and maintenance of Ongwediva. It further found that 100% of the research participants concluded that collecting annual statistics is a positive initiative. However, the study also found that collecting annual statistics is costly. The study recommends that statistics are critical and very useful to assess and inform policies and projects. Hence, proper planning for developing and maintaining road infrastructure is vital. The study recommends that local authorities should adopt a strategic plan to address the disparity in road infrastructure development and maintenance between each local authority's central business district and its less used roadways. The study further recommends that it is essential to conduct yearly reviews of the Local Authority Act to ensure it remains aligned with the evolving demands of the global villageItem Dynamics of Namibian Defence Force intervention in anti-poaching operations of Etosha National Park (2016 -2022)(University of Namibia, 2024) Kornelius, Petrus GeorgeThe study sought to re-count the dynamics of the Namibian Defence Force’s (NDF) intervention in anti-poaching operations in Etosha National Park. Specifically, the study describes the notion of anti-poaching, and strategies that can be adopted to prevent poaching in Etosha. To determine whether the NDF’s participation in anti poaching operations has the potential to combat poaching in Etosha, a sample of 20 members of the NDF, Namibian Police Force (NAMPOL), and the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (METF) Anti-Poaching Unit who served in anti poaching operations was selected. The study involves three interview sessions with 20 participants, comprises 5 females and 15 males. The gender dynamics revealed that there is a higher level of male participation in anti-poaching operations compared to female participation due to the nature of operations. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was employed to select participants for the study. The main research instrument for this study was an interview guide, with a semi-structured interview schedule comprised of open-ended questions. The researcher also utilised official records and statistics for additional information and support. The study established that the Namibian Defence Force’s intervention in Etosha National Park led to a decrease in rhino poaching. Before the NDF intervention, 82 rhinos were poached in 2015. However, by 2016, the number decreased to 58 rhinos, and further to 34 in 2017. Between 2019 and 2022, the number of poached rhinos fluctuated between 24 and 52. The study recommends that the Namibian government allocates resources towards establishing a fully-fledged Anti-Poaching Unit, address the park's vulnerabilities by repairing and electrifying fence perimeters. Creating permanent monitoring bases along the perimeter will also likely improve surveillance capabilities and allow for the timely detection of suspicious movements. It is essential to employ stringent access control measures and sniffing dogs to regulate entry into the park. Additionally, modern technologies, such as surveillance cameras and long-range drone cameras are essential for combating poaching. The NDF and NAMPOL should extend their operations and increase personnel deployment. By adopting these comprehensive recommendations, Etosha National Park can potentially strengthen its defence against poaching and safeguard its wildlife for future generationsItem An assessment of the factors influencing airport security at Namibian airports: A case study of Hosea Kutako International Airport, 2018-2023(University of Namibia, 2024) Shekupe, Angula FillipusAirports are regarded as unique entities that have insightful economic, social, and environmental effects on a local, regional, and even international level. Therefore, because of its crucial impact, the subject of airport security has taken the centre of discussions of numerous studies. A Security audit conducted in Namibia by the International Civil Aviation Organisation in 2018 revealed that some aspects of airport security at Namibian airports needed improvements. The audit suggested that Namibia needed to improve in various security aspects such as, the screening of passengers, screening of baggage and cargo, certifying of screeners, and employing of internal quality control measures to ensure quality assurance. Against this background, the purpose of this study was to examine the key factors that influence the effective and efficient execution of airport security at Hosea Kutako International Airport. The main security factors that were assessed are Human Resources, Regulations and Supervision, Machinery and Equipment, and Stakeholders. This was done by analysing opinions of airport security practitioners including managers on the security factors by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from selected respondents. The study population comprised of aviation security practitioners at Hosea Kutako International Airport from the Namibia Airports Company, Namibian Police, and the contracted security service provider the Namibia Protection Services. The study employed a case study design, and the collected data were analysed using Microsoft Excel software and interpretations were made from the results of analysis. The findings of the study show that the main factor of Human Resource is rated the most important factor, followed by the Machinery and Equipment, Regulations and Supervision, and Stakeholders respectively. Other sub factors and criteria were used in determining the level of importance of the main factors of airport security. The study formulated a model of airport security systems which, in conjunction with the decision model can assist in addressing operational and administrative security challenges. This model can be used by airports authorities to effectively deploy its limited resources by directing it to the security factors that are considered of great importance than other factors in enhancing airport security system. Furthermore, it may also be used to address the gap that may exist within the airport security systems. The study concluded that human resource is one of the important factors in airport security and therefore, to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of airport security it is recommended that qualified and well-trained personnel be employedItem Exploring community-led total sanitation as a mechanism to eliminate open-defecation: A case study of Havana informal settlement in Windhoek, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Kafita, Helmut puleniThe study seeks to explore whether the newly adopted Community-Led Total Sanitation can improve access to and use of latrines in the Havana informal settlement as opposed to the current model of subsidised ablution facilities. Namibia has made tremendous strides in improving sanitation, particularly in formal urban areas. However, access to better sanitation and hygiene in informal urban areas remains limited. The rapid expansion of the urban population due to rural-to-urban migration has not been matched by an increase in urban infrastructure which includes housing, water supply, sanitation, electricity as well as solid waste removal. Open-defecation is frequent in these places, and hygiene education is lacking. Like most countries in the third world, Namibia is faced with a sanitation crisis. The country has in the past adopted various methodologies to address the crisis, of which the most popular is the traditional subsidisation of ablution facilities. It has since dawned on the government that the business-as-usual approach is not yielding the much-needed results to help the country attain the sanitation component of Target 6 of the SGD. It is against this background that the Namibian Government in 2016 piloted the Community-led total sanitation approach to address the sanitation crisis and the elimination of open defecation for improved quality of life and for a healthy Namibia. The study employed a mixed-methods research approach that included both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The study's population was made up of the inhabitants of Windhoek's Havana Informal Settlement who were identified using systematic and judgmental sampling approaches. Data was collected from inhabitants of Windhoek’s Havana Informal Settlement, workers of the City of Windhoek, the Municipal Council and the Shack Dwellers Federation through interviews and questionnaires. One hundred and thirty people made up the sample. The study revealed that attempts to eliminate open defecation require a diverse strategy. Sanitation must be prioritised at a central government level with enough budgetary resources to enable a change in hygiene behaviour at a household level. The traditional subsidisation approach proves to be inadequate in the attainment of open-defecation-free communities due to a lack of financial resources and “merely” having a toilet does not guarantee its utilisation and maintenance without the proper adjustment in hygienic behaviour. To achieve a collective shift in hygiene behaviour, there is a need to strengthen community health education inside communities through information dissemination and communicationItem Supply of water in urban cities of Namibia: The case of Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2007) Mutumba, ObertThe study seeks to examine the interface between the urban expansion and the water supply and demand in Windhoek. Against this background, the study elaborates prospects relating to the provision and supply of water to the capital. The city's population is estimated at 300 000 inhabitants (Windhoek Urbanization Report 2001/2002), experiencing an annually population growth rate of 4.4 % and urbanization rate of 4.4%. The arid climate, the low precipitation per year, the enormous evaporation rate (on average 30% of surface water) and the rural urban migration makes it a difficult task to supply water to the city. This study employs secondary research methods, including the economic approach of demand and supply applied in the market theory of economics. This is complemented by data relating to water supply, consumption, population growth and water supply policy including case study findings from Botswana and Mozambique. This study has not only focused on the water supply and distribution situation in Windhoek but also creates an opportunity for academic intervention, creating a policy scenario that might serve as a basis for policy review and formulation. This study found that a positive relationship exists between water supply and urban expansion. This relationship is cemented by the analysis of the trend observed between population growth, water demand, consumption and supply. It is evident in this study that the three indicators mentioned above are positively linked. In order to upset the trend observed, a number of policy alternatives have to be applied in order to strike the balance between water supply and urbanization as a function of population growth.Item The impact of service charters on service delivery in Namibia's public sector: A case study of the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME)(University of Namibia, 2010) Tjihambuma, Alfredt TjiroruaThe objective of the study was to examine the extent to which the development of Service Charters has contributed to improving efficient and effective delivery in Namibia's Public Sector: A case of the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The general feeling is that the delivery of services to the public in Namibia is still lagging behind, and it lacks efficiency due to slow policy implementation and lack of follow up actions. The most overarching question that seeks to be answered through this study: was whether the Public Service of Namibia, especially the Ministry of Mines and Energy, is ready and committed to transforming Namibia and to guide the country's progression towards a Vision 2030, especially after the introduction, development and implementation of Service Charters? Combinations of qualitative and quantitative research technique were used in conducting the study. The study was exploratory in nature, as the aim was to ascertain the impact of Service Charter on efficient and effective service delivery in the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The study found that there is a gap, in terms of monitoring and evaluation of the impact of Service Charter implementation. Therefore, the impact of the implementation of service charters on service delivery remains such an intractable challenge. It is therefore, recommended that there is a need to take stock of the service charter implementation programme. This should be done in order to establish what work, what went wrong and map the way forward. In other word as required by NDP3 , there is a need to design an integrated monitoring, reporting and evaluation system on service charters' implementation across the Public Service in Namibia.Item The political economy of the Namibe corridor(2004) Kulobone, Alberts MunyanyaThe Southern African Development Community (SADC) came into being after the Declaration and the Treaty to establish it was signed at the summit of Heads of States or Government on July 17, 1992, in Windhoek, Namibia. SADC replaced the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), that had been in existence since 1980. At SADC's inception transport was seen as the most important area to be developed, on the grounds that, as the founding Lusaka Declaration of April 1, 1980 noted, without the establishment of an adequate regional transport and communication system, other areas of co-operation become impractical. Priority was to be given to the improvement of road and railway services into Mozambique, so that the landlocked countries of the region could transport their goods through Mozambican ports instead of South African ones. The principal objectives of SADCC were to reduce Member states' dependence, particularly on apartheid South Africa, to mobilize Member states' resources, in the quest for collective self-reliance, and to secure international understanding and support. This thesis deals with the political economy and potential development of the Namibe Corridor. The Namibe Corridor will link Lubango, Matala, Cassinga, Chamutete, Ondjiva and Santa Clara in Angola, and Oshikango, Ondangwa, Tsumeb and Otjiwarongo to Walvis Bay in Namibia. The corridor encompasses the port facilities in the ports of Namibe, Tombua and Walvis Bay. This is expected to usher in a new era of east-north economic integration, while also consolidating SADC's vision of a free trade area. The Republic of Namibia and that of Angola formally agreed to the creation of this important corridor on 17 May 1997(www.wbcg.com.na:2003). The completion of this corridor will be a milestone in south-south and regional co-operation, thereby attracting foreign investments and promotion of trade. It will provide for the West Coast that SADCC had attempted on the East Coast.Item An assessment of Namibia's counter terrorism preparedness and strategies(University of Namibia, 2019) Shivute, Immanuel KaulinawaTerror events of September 11, 2001 in New York, demonstrated that the threat of international terrorism to global peace and security had become heightened. This resulted in the UN to make clarion call under the UNSC Resolution 1373 for states to mobilize resources to join hands in combatting terrorism and to protect innocent civilians from further terror attacks. The USA declared “War on Terror”. This concept was received with mixed feelings among nations in which some member states consented to ratify the UNSC Resolution 1373 to fight terrorism while others including Namibia abstained. Although Namibia seems not to be directly affected by terrorism, attempted terror related incidents have been observed nationally in Namibia. These attempts show that Namibia is vulnerable to terrorism as other countries in the world. In light of attempted terror incidents, the researcher embarked on a study to assess Namibia’s counterterrorism preparedness and strategies. This study adopted qualitative research method. The study discovered that in the absence of a comprehensive counterterrorism act in the country, security apparatuses rely on the Defence Acts such as Act No.1 of 2001; Police Act, Act No.19 of 1990; and Financial Intelligence Act, Act No.13 of 2012; Intelligence Act, Act No 10. of 1997, as well as Prevention and Combating of Terrorist and Proliferation Activities Act, Act No.4 of 2014 to combat terrorism. These legislations are considered insufficient to address the growing threat of terrorism. Therefore, the study recommends that the country convenes and formulates counterterrorism strategies in line with international law concerning the fight against terror threats.Item An investigation into the impact of stress on the members of the Namibian Police: A case study of police officers at Katima Mulilo Police Station(University of Namibia, 2021) Musiake, RitaThis study aimed to establish the impact of stress on members of the Namibian Police Force. The specific objectives of this study were to assess stress awareness levels of the members of the Namibian Police Force working at Katima Mulilo Police Station (KMPS); to explore the causes of stress among the members of the Namibian Police Force working at KMPS; to determine the effects of stress on the performance and well-being of the members of the Namibian Police Force working in KMPS, and to suggest strategies on how to reduce the level of stress among members of the Namibian Police Force working at KMPS. To achieve the above objectives, this study adopted a quantitative research approach. Data was collected from a sample of 90 police officers who were selected randomly. This study found that police officers at KMPS have a high level of awareness regarding the symptoms, causes and effects of stress on employee performance and well-being; stress among police officers is caused by poor remuneration, the traumatic nature of work done by police officers, working alone on night shifts, work overload, risky work environment, autocratic leadership style, biased promotion of police officers, and shortage of police officers which deprives existing police officers of their free time. Additionally, this study found that stress among police officers leads to the creation of a toxic work environment, decreases employee productivity, promotes employee absenteeism, makes employees sickly and makes police officers adopt irrational behaviours such as excessive drinking and smoking. This study recommends the recruitment of more police officers, an increase in remuneration of police officers and the introduction of regular counselling sessions for police officers.Item An analysis of women participation in peacekeeping missions since the implementation of UNSCR 1325: A case study of the Namibian Defence Force(University of Namibia, 2019) Zemburuka, IngridThis study was undertaken to assess women participation in peacekeeping missions since the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges that hinder women participation in peacekeeping whilst at the same time rejuvenate gender equality as espoused in UNSCR 1325. The UNSCR 1325 calls for an increased role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in peace-building operations. Therefore, participation of women in peacekeeping missions remains an important area of research to the discipline of security as it lessens threat to human security. The study was guided by liberal feminism which focus on primary achieving gender equality through security sector transformation whereby both men and women are given equal rights and opportunities for peacekeeping missions. In addition, some aspects of radical feminist theory were also supported which encourages the involvement of women in peacekeeping missions because of their unique skills which them better peacekeepers. This study employed a mixed research design, consisting of both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a better understanding and explanation on the arguments of women participation in peacekeeping missions and also to provide better reliability. The sample size of 25 NDF employees was used in the study. The study found that to some extent the NDF has complied with UNSCR 1325 in terms of responsiveness to policy requirements but lacked practical implementation, adherence and commitment. Further, the study found that from the statistics of males and females who participated in peacekeeping missions from 2014-2018 showed a decrease in women deployments. The study therefore, recommended that the NDF to increase the training slots for potential women to enhance the possibility of having more qualified women to select from and most importantly, encourage women to participate in peacekeeping missions in large numbers.