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Item The essence of annual statistics on road infrastructure development and maintenance of local authorities in Namibia: A case study of the Ongwediva Town Council(University of Namibia, 2024) Mbidi, Petrus N.The study was based on the influence of annual statistics on road infrastructure development and maintenance of the Ongwediva local authority in Namibia. The study was unique in its nature as it primarily focused on questioning why there were no national annual statistics on road infrastructure development and maintenance in relation to the road infrastructure under the jurisdiction and management of local authorities in Namibia. The study, used mixed research methods in which questionnaires and interview guides were the research instruments used for data collection. The targetted sample size for the study was 30 respondents, and snowball and judgmental sampling techniques were used in the process of selecting research participants. The quantitative data was presented and analysed with the use of charts and frequency tables while the qualitative responses were presented verbatim. The study found that 86% of the research participants were not satisfied with the road infrastructure development and maintenance of Ongwediva. It further found that 100% of the research participants concluded that collecting annual statistics is a positive initiative. However, the study also found that collecting annual statistics is costly. The study recommends that statistics are critical and very useful to assess and inform policies and projects. Hence, proper planning for developing and maintaining road infrastructure is vital. The study recommends that local authorities should adopt a strategic plan to address the disparity in road infrastructure development and maintenance between each local authority's central business district and its less used roadways. The study further recommends that it is essential to conduct yearly reviews of the Local Authority Act to ensure it remains aligned with the evolving demands of the global villageItem Dynamics of Namibian Defence Force intervention in anti-poaching operations of Etosha National Park (2016 -2022)(University of Namibia, 2024) Kornelius, Petrus GeorgeThe study sought to re-count the dynamics of the Namibian Defence Force’s (NDF) intervention in anti-poaching operations in Etosha National Park. Specifically, the study describes the notion of anti-poaching, and strategies that can be adopted to prevent poaching in Etosha. To determine whether the NDF’s participation in anti poaching operations has the potential to combat poaching in Etosha, a sample of 20 members of the NDF, Namibian Police Force (NAMPOL), and the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism (METF) Anti-Poaching Unit who served in anti poaching operations was selected. The study involves three interview sessions with 20 participants, comprises 5 females and 15 males. The gender dynamics revealed that there is a higher level of male participation in anti-poaching operations compared to female participation due to the nature of operations. A non-probability purposive sampling technique was employed to select participants for the study. The main research instrument for this study was an interview guide, with a semi-structured interview schedule comprised of open-ended questions. The researcher also utilised official records and statistics for additional information and support. The study established that the Namibian Defence Force’s intervention in Etosha National Park led to a decrease in rhino poaching. Before the NDF intervention, 82 rhinos were poached in 2015. However, by 2016, the number decreased to 58 rhinos, and further to 34 in 2017. Between 2019 and 2022, the number of poached rhinos fluctuated between 24 and 52. The study recommends that the Namibian government allocates resources towards establishing a fully-fledged Anti-Poaching Unit, address the park's vulnerabilities by repairing and electrifying fence perimeters. Creating permanent monitoring bases along the perimeter will also likely improve surveillance capabilities and allow for the timely detection of suspicious movements. It is essential to employ stringent access control measures and sniffing dogs to regulate entry into the park. Additionally, modern technologies, such as surveillance cameras and long-range drone cameras are essential for combating poaching. The NDF and NAMPOL should extend their operations and increase personnel deployment. By adopting these comprehensive recommendations, Etosha National Park can potentially strengthen its defence against poaching and safeguard its wildlife for future generationsItem An assessment of the factors influencing airport security at Namibian airports: A case study of Hosea Kutako International Airport, 2018-2023(University of Namibia, 2024) Shekupe, Angula FillipusAirports are regarded as unique entities that have insightful economic, social, and environmental effects on a local, regional, and even international level. Therefore, because of its crucial impact, the subject of airport security has taken the centre of discussions of numerous studies. A Security audit conducted in Namibia by the International Civil Aviation Organisation in 2018 revealed that some aspects of airport security at Namibian airports needed improvements. The audit suggested that Namibia needed to improve in various security aspects such as, the screening of passengers, screening of baggage and cargo, certifying of screeners, and employing of internal quality control measures to ensure quality assurance. Against this background, the purpose of this study was to examine the key factors that influence the effective and efficient execution of airport security at Hosea Kutako International Airport. The main security factors that were assessed are Human Resources, Regulations and Supervision, Machinery and Equipment, and Stakeholders. This was done by analysing opinions of airport security practitioners including managers on the security factors by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process method. A questionnaire was used to obtain data from selected respondents. The study population comprised of aviation security practitioners at Hosea Kutako International Airport from the Namibia Airports Company, Namibian Police, and the contracted security service provider the Namibia Protection Services. The study employed a case study design, and the collected data were analysed using Microsoft Excel software and interpretations were made from the results of analysis. The findings of the study show that the main factor of Human Resource is rated the most important factor, followed by the Machinery and Equipment, Regulations and Supervision, and Stakeholders respectively. Other sub factors and criteria were used in determining the level of importance of the main factors of airport security. The study formulated a model of airport security systems which, in conjunction with the decision model can assist in addressing operational and administrative security challenges. This model can be used by airports authorities to effectively deploy its limited resources by directing it to the security factors that are considered of great importance than other factors in enhancing airport security system. Furthermore, it may also be used to address the gap that may exist within the airport security systems. The study concluded that human resource is one of the important factors in airport security and therefore, to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of airport security it is recommended that qualified and well-trained personnel be employedItem Exploring community-led total sanitation as a mechanism to eliminate open-defecation: A case study of Havana informal settlement in Windhoek, Namibia(University of Namibia, 2024) Kafita, Helmut puleniThe study seeks to explore whether the newly adopted Community-Led Total Sanitation can improve access to and use of latrines in the Havana informal settlement as opposed to the current model of subsidised ablution facilities. Namibia has made tremendous strides in improving sanitation, particularly in formal urban areas. However, access to better sanitation and hygiene in informal urban areas remains limited. The rapid expansion of the urban population due to rural-to-urban migration has not been matched by an increase in urban infrastructure which includes housing, water supply, sanitation, electricity as well as solid waste removal. Open-defecation is frequent in these places, and hygiene education is lacking. Like most countries in the third world, Namibia is faced with a sanitation crisis. The country has in the past adopted various methodologies to address the crisis, of which the most popular is the traditional subsidisation of ablution facilities. It has since dawned on the government that the business-as-usual approach is not yielding the much-needed results to help the country attain the sanitation component of Target 6 of the SGD. It is against this background that the Namibian Government in 2016 piloted the Community-led total sanitation approach to address the sanitation crisis and the elimination of open defecation for improved quality of life and for a healthy Namibia. The study employed a mixed-methods research approach that included both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The study's population was made up of the inhabitants of Windhoek's Havana Informal Settlement who were identified using systematic and judgmental sampling approaches. Data was collected from inhabitants of Windhoek’s Havana Informal Settlement, workers of the City of Windhoek, the Municipal Council and the Shack Dwellers Federation through interviews and questionnaires. One hundred and thirty people made up the sample. The study revealed that attempts to eliminate open defecation require a diverse strategy. Sanitation must be prioritised at a central government level with enough budgetary resources to enable a change in hygiene behaviour at a household level. The traditional subsidisation approach proves to be inadequate in the attainment of open-defecation-free communities due to a lack of financial resources and “merely” having a toilet does not guarantee its utilisation and maintenance without the proper adjustment in hygienic behaviour. To achieve a collective shift in hygiene behaviour, there is a need to strengthen community health education inside communities through information dissemination and communicationItem Supply of water in urban cities of Namibia: The case of Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2007) Mutumba, ObertThe study seeks to examine the interface between the urban expansion and the water supply and demand in Windhoek. Against this background, the study elaborates prospects relating to the provision and supply of water to the capital. The city's population is estimated at 300 000 inhabitants (Windhoek Urbanization Report 2001/2002), experiencing an annually population growth rate of 4.4 % and urbanization rate of 4.4%. The arid climate, the low precipitation per year, the enormous evaporation rate (on average 30% of surface water) and the rural urban migration makes it a difficult task to supply water to the city. This study employs secondary research methods, including the economic approach of demand and supply applied in the market theory of economics. This is complemented by data relating to water supply, consumption, population growth and water supply policy including case study findings from Botswana and Mozambique. This study has not only focused on the water supply and distribution situation in Windhoek but also creates an opportunity for academic intervention, creating a policy scenario that might serve as a basis for policy review and formulation. This study found that a positive relationship exists between water supply and urban expansion. This relationship is cemented by the analysis of the trend observed between population growth, water demand, consumption and supply. It is evident in this study that the three indicators mentioned above are positively linked. In order to upset the trend observed, a number of policy alternatives have to be applied in order to strike the balance between water supply and urbanization as a function of population growth.Item The impact of service charters on service delivery in Namibia's public sector: A case study of the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME)(University of Namibia, 2010) Tjihambuma, Alfredt TjiroruaThe objective of the study was to examine the extent to which the development of Service Charters has contributed to improving efficient and effective delivery in Namibia's Public Sector: A case of the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The general feeling is that the delivery of services to the public in Namibia is still lagging behind, and it lacks efficiency due to slow policy implementation and lack of follow up actions. The most overarching question that seeks to be answered through this study: was whether the Public Service of Namibia, especially the Ministry of Mines and Energy, is ready and committed to transforming Namibia and to guide the country's progression towards a Vision 2030, especially after the introduction, development and implementation of Service Charters? Combinations of qualitative and quantitative research technique were used in conducting the study. The study was exploratory in nature, as the aim was to ascertain the impact of Service Charter on efficient and effective service delivery in the Ministry of Mines and Energy. The study found that there is a gap, in terms of monitoring and evaluation of the impact of Service Charter implementation. Therefore, the impact of the implementation of service charters on service delivery remains such an intractable challenge. It is therefore, recommended that there is a need to take stock of the service charter implementation programme. This should be done in order to establish what work, what went wrong and map the way forward. In other word as required by NDP3 , there is a need to design an integrated monitoring, reporting and evaluation system on service charters' implementation across the Public Service in Namibia.Item The political economy of the Namibe corridor(2004) Kulobone, Alberts MunyanyaThe Southern African Development Community (SADC) came into being after the Declaration and the Treaty to establish it was signed at the summit of Heads of States or Government on July 17, 1992, in Windhoek, Namibia. SADC replaced the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), that had been in existence since 1980. At SADC's inception transport was seen as the most important area to be developed, on the grounds that, as the founding Lusaka Declaration of April 1, 1980 noted, without the establishment of an adequate regional transport and communication system, other areas of co-operation become impractical. Priority was to be given to the improvement of road and railway services into Mozambique, so that the landlocked countries of the region could transport their goods through Mozambican ports instead of South African ones. The principal objectives of SADCC were to reduce Member states' dependence, particularly on apartheid South Africa, to mobilize Member states' resources, in the quest for collective self-reliance, and to secure international understanding and support. This thesis deals with the political economy and potential development of the Namibe Corridor. The Namibe Corridor will link Lubango, Matala, Cassinga, Chamutete, Ondjiva and Santa Clara in Angola, and Oshikango, Ondangwa, Tsumeb and Otjiwarongo to Walvis Bay in Namibia. The corridor encompasses the port facilities in the ports of Namibe, Tombua and Walvis Bay. This is expected to usher in a new era of east-north economic integration, while also consolidating SADC's vision of a free trade area. The Republic of Namibia and that of Angola formally agreed to the creation of this important corridor on 17 May 1997(www.wbcg.com.na:2003). The completion of this corridor will be a milestone in south-south and regional co-operation, thereby attracting foreign investments and promotion of trade. It will provide for the West Coast that SADCC had attempted on the East Coast.Item An assessment of Namibia's counter terrorism preparedness and strategies(University of Namibia, 2019) Shivute, Immanuel KaulinawaTerror events of September 11, 2001 in New York, demonstrated that the threat of international terrorism to global peace and security had become heightened. This resulted in the UN to make clarion call under the UNSC Resolution 1373 for states to mobilize resources to join hands in combatting terrorism and to protect innocent civilians from further terror attacks. The USA declared “War on Terror”. This concept was received with mixed feelings among nations in which some member states consented to ratify the UNSC Resolution 1373 to fight terrorism while others including Namibia abstained. Although Namibia seems not to be directly affected by terrorism, attempted terror related incidents have been observed nationally in Namibia. These attempts show that Namibia is vulnerable to terrorism as other countries in the world. In light of attempted terror incidents, the researcher embarked on a study to assess Namibia’s counterterrorism preparedness and strategies. This study adopted qualitative research method. The study discovered that in the absence of a comprehensive counterterrorism act in the country, security apparatuses rely on the Defence Acts such as Act No.1 of 2001; Police Act, Act No.19 of 1990; and Financial Intelligence Act, Act No.13 of 2012; Intelligence Act, Act No 10. of 1997, as well as Prevention and Combating of Terrorist and Proliferation Activities Act, Act No.4 of 2014 to combat terrorism. These legislations are considered insufficient to address the growing threat of terrorism. Therefore, the study recommends that the country convenes and formulates counterterrorism strategies in line with international law concerning the fight against terror threats.Item An investigation into the impact of stress on the members of the Namibian Police: A case study of police officers at Katima Mulilo Police Station(University of Namibia, 2021) Musiake, RitaThis study aimed to establish the impact of stress on members of the Namibian Police Force. The specific objectives of this study were to assess stress awareness levels of the members of the Namibian Police Force working at Katima Mulilo Police Station (KMPS); to explore the causes of stress among the members of the Namibian Police Force working at KMPS; to determine the effects of stress on the performance and well-being of the members of the Namibian Police Force working in KMPS, and to suggest strategies on how to reduce the level of stress among members of the Namibian Police Force working at KMPS. To achieve the above objectives, this study adopted a quantitative research approach. Data was collected from a sample of 90 police officers who were selected randomly. This study found that police officers at KMPS have a high level of awareness regarding the symptoms, causes and effects of stress on employee performance and well-being; stress among police officers is caused by poor remuneration, the traumatic nature of work done by police officers, working alone on night shifts, work overload, risky work environment, autocratic leadership style, biased promotion of police officers, and shortage of police officers which deprives existing police officers of their free time. Additionally, this study found that stress among police officers leads to the creation of a toxic work environment, decreases employee productivity, promotes employee absenteeism, makes employees sickly and makes police officers adopt irrational behaviours such as excessive drinking and smoking. This study recommends the recruitment of more police officers, an increase in remuneration of police officers and the introduction of regular counselling sessions for police officers.Item An analysis of women participation in peacekeeping missions since the implementation of UNSCR 1325: A case study of the Namibian Defence Force(University of Namibia, 2019) Zemburuka, IngridThis study was undertaken to assess women participation in peacekeeping missions since the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges that hinder women participation in peacekeeping whilst at the same time rejuvenate gender equality as espoused in UNSCR 1325. The UNSCR 1325 calls for an increased role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in peace-building operations. Therefore, participation of women in peacekeeping missions remains an important area of research to the discipline of security as it lessens threat to human security. The study was guided by liberal feminism which focus on primary achieving gender equality through security sector transformation whereby both men and women are given equal rights and opportunities for peacekeeping missions. In addition, some aspects of radical feminist theory were also supported which encourages the involvement of women in peacekeeping missions because of their unique skills which them better peacekeepers. This study employed a mixed research design, consisting of both quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a better understanding and explanation on the arguments of women participation in peacekeeping missions and also to provide better reliability. The sample size of 25 NDF employees was used in the study. The study found that to some extent the NDF has complied with UNSCR 1325 in terms of responsiveness to policy requirements but lacked practical implementation, adherence and commitment. Further, the study found that from the statistics of males and females who participated in peacekeeping missions from 2014-2018 showed a decrease in women deployments. The study therefore, recommended that the NDF to increase the training slots for potential women to enhance the possibility of having more qualified women to select from and most importantly, encourage women to participate in peacekeeping missions in large numbers.Item An investigation into the impact of private security companies on national security in Namibia(University of Namibia, 2017) Siyauya, Charles SikabongoThe thesis focussed on the role of private security companies (PSCs) in Namibia. Over the last decade, there has been a substantial growth of private security services and companies both at global and national levels. In Namibia, there has been substantial increase in PSCs which are providing security services To some extent the role being played by PSCs at times overlapped with that performed by those providing public policing. The growth of the private security sector in Namibia poses both opportunities for employment and social economic transformation, as well as challenges in security sector services regulation , control and management. The proliferation of both indigenous and multinational PSCs in Namibia would require a coordinated regulatory regime which would allow the public to enjoy the opportunities and benefits of the industry, and safeguard the state against criminal and national security threats. The study revealed that PSCs offer a broad of range services to government and the public. The majority of private security service consumers are commercial entities whose business line is in retail trading industries. One of the major finding of the study is that there has been a steady increase in the PSC particularly in the protection of person and properties. The major challenges of PSCs role in Namibia are to do with a weak regulation regime for the control of the sector. Regulation and control of PSCs training, recruitment and operation are of paramount important for the preservation of national security. A porous regulatory regime provides the opportunity of criminal infiltration and thriving of terror groups within the ranks of PSCs. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that there is a now need for the enactment of Act of parliament to regulate and monitor the activities of PSCs in Namibia.Item The implications of youth unemployment for national security in Namibia in the 21st century: The case of Khomas region(University of Namibia, 2018) Amakali, Shali RingohYouth unemployment is one of the major problems facing Namibia. Unemployment is not only unique to Namibia, but a problem experienced in most countries in the world, whereby many unemployed youths are actively looking for gainful employment, but there is none. Namibia, a developing country is witnessing a high rate of youth unemployment which has potential to degenerate into one of the major threats to its national security. The purpose of the study was to examine the main reasons and causes of youth unemployment in Namibia, its implications and consequences for national security due to frustration and aggression based on negative experiences of the unemployed youths. The study adopted a mixed method research (MMR) design. Theoretical evidence indicates that MMR was observed to provide a better strategy that enabled other researchers to have a more complete understanding of the research phenomena being investigated, while at the same time exploring research objectives through explanations of quantitative results with qualitative follow-up data collection and analysis process. The findings indicated that some of the main reasons for youth unemployment are low growth of the economy in which the supply cannot meet the demand, as well as the education and work experience factors. It is due to some of these factors, many school dropouts as well as graduates are unable to secure a job in Namibia. Government programmes and policies aimed at job creation have failed to yield results. Findings indicate that government interventions meant to alleviate the masses out of poverty have been poorly implemented or re-directed to benefit the few elites and the well connected at the expense of the masses. For these reasons, the masses of unemployed youths are slowly becoming agitated and running out of patience. Furthermore, findings indicated that majority of unemployed youths are frustrated with the recruitment processes in both government and private sector, citing corrupt practices and nepotism. The study argues that for the youths to become useful assets, they must be gainfully employed. The Government in partnership with private sector need to do more in dealing with corruption, nepotism as well the implementation of policy to succeed. Available data indicates that 43.4% ofNamibian youth were unemployed by 2017, and the figures are increasing every year. Both educated and uneducated youths experience the same challenges in securing gainful employment. Perceptions and experiences of unemployed youth indicate lack of trust and negative familiarity in the political system and in governance, which most youth indicate that they are not considered by the current political system and are running out of patience. The government only regards the plight of the Children of the Liberation Struggle (CLS) at the expense of all youths in the country. The study concludes that youth unemployment is a potential danger to national security that warrants all stakeholders' contribution.Item The role of co-operatives in economic development in Namibia(University of Namibia, 2017) Kapuka, Hertha HanganeniThis study is aimed at examining the role of cooperatives societies in economic development with a view to throwing some light on the nature and features of cooperatives, the benefits and the formation and management of cooperatives societies and the specific objective of the study is therefore to examine the role of cooperatives societies in economic development in Namibia with special references to both workers and service categories. The study used qualitative method. The study used the content analysis whereby data was analyzed by utilizing elements of communication in order to understand the study or to test assumptions and phenomenological studies whereby the researcher focused on understanding people’s perceptions, perspectives and understanding of particular situations. Descriptive and inferential statistics was also used to analyze data and draw conclusions. This study found that it is evident that cooperative enterprises are contributing to development of the Namibian economy through job creation, income generation and poverty alleviation. It also shows that cooperative enterprises are viable and feasible businesses and the business/sales volumes despite the fluctuations due to the demand, natural and market forces shows that they are sustainable.Item Towards a strategy for social media implications on human security in Namibia: Case study of Windhoek(University of Namibia, 2020) Shipena, DorteaThe study reports findings of a qualitative research study that propose a strategy for social media implications for human security in Namibia. The case study used the case study of Windhoek to determine social media implications on human security dimensions that include economic, personal, health, community, food, environmental and political threats. The study further assessed the social media crime situation, as well as types and prevalence of social media crime in Namibia., It also discussed the various challenges faced by the Namibian Police Force and the courts in dealing with cybercrimes and proposed strategies to be adopted to combat social media crimes. Studying the implications of social media is vital to ensure human security of all internet users. In phase 1, data was collected through open-ended questionnaires from 10 purposively sampled members of the public. In phase 2, data was gathered through face-to-face unstructured interviews held with 8 purposively selected respondents. The voice-recorded data was transcribed. Both phase 1 and 2 data were coded and organised in groups to create themes. Thematic Analysis was used to derive meaning out of data. Findings show that there are serious human security threats emanating from Facebook and WhatsApp usage, mostly threats to economic, personal, community and health security of individuals. The cybercrime situation is getting worse in Namibia with prevalent trends of distribution and circulation of obscene and pornographic materials, defamation of character, cyber bulling, internet fraud, hate speech and breach of privacy. ii The least common is cyber terrorism. Namibia does not yet have a cyber legal framework though a draft bill has been crafted. The police currently only deals with cybercrime cases which were defined in common and statutory laws. Lack of awareness, capacity, resources, proper technology, and the transnational and anonymity nature of cybercrimes were identified as challenges faced by the Namibian Police and courts while dealing with cybercrime. Results confirmed findings by previous scholars: Wall (2011), UNODC (2013), UN (2013), Amedie (2015), Council of Europe (2015), Ajayi (2016), Adesina (2017), Dwivedi (2018), and Links (2018). A human security theory coined by UNDP (1994) was adopted to guide this study in a Namibian context. The study recommends a speedy passing and enactment of a cybercrime law, investment in both technology and capacity building of investigators and prosecutors, alongside public education to raise awareness among social media users to combat cybercrimes.Item Assessing the too-causes of underdevelopment in a proclaimed settlement: A case study of Okalongo settlement in the Omusati region(University of Namibia, 2020) Mbangula, Taimi NdaamemboThe study assessed the root – causes of underdevelopment in a proclaimed settlement, with a specific focus on the Okalongo settlement in the Omusati region aimed to find possible mitigation to minimise underdevelopment. The study is guided by the following three broad research questions. Firstly, what are the factors contributing to underdevelopment in the proclaimed settlement of Okalongo? Secondly, what are the perceptions of the inhabitants of Okalongo settlement in relation to underdevelopment? And thirdly, how can Okalongo settlement address underdevelopment in the area? The study is foreseen to serve as a resourceful guide to future researches and to the general hindrances of underdevelopment in local government both in Namibia and beyond. The study adopted a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative research approaches and followed an explorative research philosophy. The sample size of this study was 62. It comprised the inhabitants of Okalongo settlement, administrators of Okalongo settlement office, officials of Okalongo Constituency office, members of OTA and the officials of the ORC. Data were collected through interviews and survey questionnaires. The study found that there is no improvement in the Okalongo settlement in terms of roads, housing, servicing of land, sewage system and other government services that need to be brought closer to the people. The study further recommends, community involvement, servicing of land for construction of houses and business, fair allocation of land, a complete demarcation plan of the Okalongo settlement and the fair compensation of homestead, reduce managerial power from ORC, reduce local business dominance and attract investors, consider employing local people in the Okalongo settlement office,` investigate corruption cases; and last but not least benchmarking and twining with other proclaimed settlements and local authorities.Item Assessing the root-causes of underdevelopment in a proclaimed settlement: A case study of Okalongo settlement in the Omusati region(University of Namibia, 2020) Mbangula, Taimi NdaamemboThe study assessed the root – causes of underdevelopment in a proclaimed settlement, with a specific focus on the Okalongo settlement in the Omusati region aimed to find possible mitigation to minimise underdevelopment. The study is guided by the following three broad research questions. Firstly, what are the factors contributing to underdevelopment in the proclaimed settlement of Okalongo? Secondly, what are the perceptions of the inhabitants of Okalongo settlement in relation to underdevelopment? And thirdly, how can Okalongo settlement address underdevelopment in the area? The study is foreseen to serve as a resourceful guide to future researches and to the general hindrances of underdevelopment in local government both in Namibia and beyond. The study adopted a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative research approaches and followed an explorative research philosophy. The sample size of this study was 62. It comprised the inhabitants of Okalongo settlement, administrators of Okalongo settlement office, officials of Okalongo Constituency office, members of OTA and the officials of the ORC. Data were collected through interviews and survey questionnaires. The study found that there is no improvement in the Okalongo settlement in terms of roads, housing, servicing of land, sewage system and other government services that need to be brought closer to the people. The study further recommends, community involvement, servicing of land for construction of houses and business, fair allocation of land, a complete demarcation plan of the Okalongo settlement and the fair compensation of homestead, reduce managerial power from ORC, reduce local business dominance and attract investors, consider employing local people in the Okalongo settlement office,` investigate corruption cases; and last but not least benchmarking and twining with other proclaimed settlements and local authorities.Item An assessment of the decentralised Build Together Programme in the City of Windhoek from 1999 until 2004(University of Namibia, 2004) Mulokoshi, Martha ShomainaThis study aims at determining the major factors and causes that hinder the smooth implementation of the Decentralized Built Together Programme in the City of Windhoek, examining how and whether the needs and concerns of low-income groups of society are addressed and met effectively. Findings of the study reveal that the beneficiaries, while appreciating the existence of the DBTP, are experiencing major frustrations with regard to the programme. Frustrations are largely the result of a lack of information (including the need for marketing strategies regarding the programme), poor attendance of meetings and a general lack of interest shown by implementing officers. In the absence of annual programme reports, ill-informed assessments ofthe quality of the DBTP were made. Other negative factors include insufficient funds, lack of monitoring and evaluation units as well as poor financial control systems. The paper further argues that poor communication among councilors, implementing officers and beneficiaries have contributed to delays in the implementation of the programme. Finally, the study offers recommendations, hoping that they might assist the implementing officers in contributing to the successful development of the DBTP programme.Item An exploration of statelessness in Namibia: The significance of legal citizenship(University of Namibia, 2018) Shekeni, Johannes NdeshimonaThis exploratory study looks at statelessness in Namibia, focusing on citizenship as a legal status. The study uses the theory of politics of citizenship to assess how the issue of statelessness fits into citizenship discourse in Namibian. It defines the problems presented by statelessness and highlights the urgency of addressing it. The study draws upon qualitative data like documentary analyses, books, journals and semi-structured interviews. Despite provisions on protection against statelessness, this study found that Namibian citizenship contains some grey areas. The findings of the study point to many cases of lack of legal documentation and indicate no significant number of statelessness cases. Evidentiary bureaucratic practices and primacy of ju sanguinis (descent) over ju soli (birth on the territory) in Namibian citizenship law act as obstacles for people in obtaining legal documentation. The findings suggest that the Angolan diaspora is primarily the population at high risk of statelessness or lack of documentation. However, a proposed legislation is being discussed to grant citizenship to the said population. The findings also suggest that Namibian politics of citizenship is dominated by policy-makers and that in their debates, statelessness avoidance has not been central. The findings of this investigation show that most people that lack legal documentation are excluded from many formal processes. Conversely, Namibian electoral law makes conditional provision for undocumented persons to vote but the same law prevents them from being appointed as elected office-bearers. The study recommends that further research be done to establish cases of statelessness within the undocumented population, focusing on lived experiences of undocumented persons. The study provides an important opportunity to advance our understanding of statelessness in Namibia.Item Analysing perceptions of employees on the implementation of the performance management system: A case study of the Directorate of Sport in the Ministry of Sport, Youth and National Service(University of Namibia, 2018) Mbanga, Owen KachanaIn an effort to improve performance, the government of Namibia has identified Performance Management System (PMS) as a vehicle towards achieving national goals and objectives. However, the implementation of PMS seems to be ungainly, with not much to be shown. To this extent it is important to analyse the implementer’s perceptions (employees) on the implementation of the performance management system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse employee’s perceptions regarding the implementation of the Performance Management System (PMS), and to establish whether the employees and managers understand the objectives of the PMS. It also seeks and recommends possible solutions to the managerial and employees in the Directorate of Sport. Mixed method research design, comprising of both qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Structured questionnaires that consisted of a Likert scale and open ended interviews were the most appropriate tools used to collect data in order to gain more understanding on the research participant’s perspective of PMS in terms of their perceptions and understanding. The population of the study was 95 employees and the sample size was 20 within the Directorate of Sport under the Ministry of Sport, Youth and National Service. It consisted of Directors, Deputy Directors, Chief Sport Officers, Senior Sport Officers and Sport Officers from the Directorate of Sport. Out of the stated sample size, only 19 respondents participated in this study. Sixteen (16) respondents were randomly selected, and 3 were purposively selected for interviews. The data collected from the questionnaires was analysed using tables, graphs, and charts. This data was also interpreted in summary form, while the data from the conducted interviews was transcribed. This study reveals that the employees perceive that PMS can improve performance in the Directorate of Sport, and they also show a good understanding of PMS objectives. However, they feel that the implementation of PMS in the Directorate of Sport has failed and is ineffective, because it is not adapted to the current available setting and environment of sport. Additionally, the lack of prioritisation of planned activities makes financial resources, and the application of PMS to the directorate of sport and its implementation difficult as it puts strain on the limited resources. This finding is reflected by the main challenges of the limited budget. This thesis recommends that a manager-employee relationship should be created to improve employee-manager relationship and communication on clear alignment of implementing the strategic plan, annual plan and performance agreements. This should be done in order to create and sustain a performance-orientated culture, which will enhance employees’ commitment and dedication towards the achievement of the Directorate of Sport objectives and goals as aligned to the National Development Plan five (NDP 5).Item An analysis of women representation in the security sector: A case study of the Namibian Defence Force(University of Namibia, 2018) Shikomba, TangeniThe Constitution of The Republic of Namibia Article 10 guarantees equality before the law and the right to non-discrimination on the basis of sex. Therefore, the Namibian government through an Act of Parliament devoted all government institutions, Namibian Defence Force (NDF) included, to ensure equal opportunities of men and women in appointment to decision-making positions as well as equality of voices in committees dealing with security matters. Since the establishment of NDF in 1990, female appointment has been moving very slow. While women constituted the majority in the country, they are inadequately represented in the NDF, especially in decision-making structures to effect critical policy changes. Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze women's representation in the NDF: to determine how gender and culture influence women military perceptions; to evaluate the opportunities and challenges encountered by women in the NDF towards training, appointment and promotion to strategic positions; and to investigate women perceptions on representation in the NDF. The study applies qualitative method and exploratory research design to enable the study to secure qualitative information from the respondents, and allow participants to express their views and opinions. The sample size of 120 members is drawn from the NDF target population. Purposeful sampling techniques is used to sample 30 members from the population as key informants from Defence Head Quarters (DHQs), and 90 are selected randomly from all three arms of services. The study found that, if given a chance, females can play a crucial role and can do what their male counter part can do. The study therefore recommended that, education and training programs concerning equal opportunities and affirmative action needs to be employed in NDF.